Unlike other European countries, the human population genetics and demographic history of Metropolitan France is surprisingly understudied. In this work, we combined newly genotyped samples from various zones in France with publicly available data and applied both allele frequency and haplotype-based methods to describe the internal structure of this country, using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array genotypes. We found out that French Basques, already known for their linguistic uniqueness, are genetically distinct from all other groups and that the populations from southwest France (namely the Gascony region) share a large proportion of their ancestry with Basques. Otherwise, the genetic makeup of the French population is relatively homogeneous and mostly related to Southern and Central European groups. However, a fine-grained, haplotype-based analysis revealed that Bretons slightly separated from the rest of the groups, due mostly to gene flow from the British Isles in a time frame that coincides both historically attested Celtic population movements to this area between the 3th and the ninth centuries CE, but also with a more ancient genetic continuity between Brittany and the British Isles related to the shared drift with hunter-gatherer populations. Haplotype-based methods also unveiled subtle internal structures and connections with the surrounding modern populations, particularly in the periphery of the country.

与其他欧洲国家不同，法国大都市的人口遗传和人口历史令人惊讶地未被研究。在这项工作中，我们将来自法国各个地区的新基因型样本与公开可用的数据相结合，并使用全基因组范围的单核苷酸多态性（SNP）阵列基因型，应用等位基因频率和基于单倍型的方法来描述该国的内部结构。我们发现，以其语言独特性而闻名的法国巴斯克人在遗传上与所有其他族群都不同，并且法国西南部（即加斯科尼地区）的人口与巴斯克人有很大的渊源。否则，法国人口的遗传构成相对同质，并且大多与南欧和中欧群体有关。但是，细粒度 基于单倍型的分析表明，不列颠人与其他群体略有不同，这主要是由于不列颠群岛的基因流在一个时间范围内发生的，这与历史证明的凯尔特人在公元3世纪到9世纪之间向该地区的迁移相吻合，但是布列塔尼和不列颠群岛之间的遗传连续性也更高，这与猎人与采集者的种群共享漂移有关。基于单倍型的方法还揭示了微妙的内部结构以及与周围现代人群的联系，特别是在该国周边地区。主要原因是不列颠群岛的基因流在一个时间框架内发生，这既符合历史证明的凯尔特人在公元3世纪至第9世纪之间向该地区迁移的趋势，也与布列塔尼和不列颠群岛之间与该物种有关的更古老的遗传连续性相吻合。与猎人和采集者共享漂移。基于单倍型的方法还揭示了微妙的内部结构以及与周围现代人群的联系，特别是在该国周边地区。主要原因是不列颠群岛的基因流在一个时间框架内发生，这既符合历史证明的凯尔特人在公元3世纪至第9世纪之间向该地区迁移的趋势，也与布列塔尼和不列颠群岛之间与该物种有关的更古老的遗传连续性相吻合。与猎人和采集者共享漂移。基于单倍型的方法还揭示了微妙的内部结构以及与周围现代人群的联系，特别是在该国周边地区。