Mitochondria are obligate organelles of most eukaryotic cells that perform many different functions important for cellular homeostasis. The main role of mitochondria is supplying cells with energy in a form of ATP, which is synthesized in a chain of oxidative phosphorylation reactions on the organelle inner membrane. It is commonly believed now that mitochondria have the endosymbiotic origin. In the course of evolution, they have lost most of their genetic material as a result of genome reduction and gene transfer to the nucleus. The majority of mitochondrial proteins are synthesized in the cytosol and then imported to the mitochondria. However, almost all known mitochondria still contain genomes that are maintained and expressed. The processes of protein biosynthesis in the mitochondria — mitochondrial translation — substantially differs from the analogous processes in bacteria and the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. Mitochondrial translation is characterized by a high degree of specialization and specific regulatory mechanisms. In this review, we analyze available information on the common principles of mitochondrial translation with emphasis on the molecular mechanisms of translation initiation in the mitochondria of yeast and mammalian cells.

中文翻译：

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线粒体中的蛋白质生物合成：过去简单，现在完美，未来不确定

线粒体是大多数真核细胞的专性细胞器，执行许多对细胞稳态很重要的不同功能。线粒体的主要作用是以 ATP 的形式为细胞提供能量，ATP 是在细胞器内膜上的氧化磷酸化反应链中合成的。现在普遍认为线粒体具有内共生起源。在进化过程中，由于基因组减少和基因转移到细胞核，它们失去了大部分遗传物质。大多数线粒体蛋白在细胞质中合成，然后输入到线粒体中。然而，几乎所有已知的线粒体仍然包含维持和表达的基因组。线粒体中蛋白质生物合成的过程——线粒体翻译——与细菌和真核细胞的胞质溶胶中的类似过程大不相同。线粒体翻译的特点是高度专业化和特定的调控机制。在这篇综述中，我们分析了有关线粒体翻译共同原则的可用信息，重点是酵母和哺乳动物细胞线粒体中翻译起始的分子机制。