Numerous studies acknowledged the importance of an adequate vegetable consumption for human health. However, current methods to estimate vegetable intake are often prone to measurement errors due to self-reporting and/or insufficient detail. More objective intake biomarkers for vegetables, using biological specimens, are preferred. The only concentration biomarkers currently available are blood carotenoids and vitamin C, covering total fruit and vegetable intake. Identification of biomarkers for specific vegetables is needed for a better understanding of their relative importance for human health. Within the FoodBAll Project under the Joint Programming Initiative “A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life”, an ambitious action was undertaken to identify candidate intake biomarkers for all major food groups consumed in Europe by systematically reviewing the existent literature. This study describes the review on candidate biomarkers of food intake (BFIs) for leafy, bulb, and stem vegetables, which was conducted within PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for studies published through March 2019. In total, 65 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility for leafy vegetables, and 6 full-text articles were screened for bulb and stem vegetables. Putative BFIs were identified for spinach, lettuce, endive, asparagus, artichoke, and celery, but not for rocket salad. However, after critical evaluation through a validation scheme developed by the FoodBAll consortium, none of the putative biomarkers appeared to be a promising BFI. The food chemistry data indicate that some candidate BFIs may be revealed by further studies. Future randomized controlled feeding studies combined with observational studies, applying a non-targeted metabolomics approach, are needed in order to identify valuable BFIs for the intake of leafy, bulb, and stem vegetables.

中文翻译：

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绿叶蔬菜，鳞茎类蔬菜和茎类蔬菜的食物摄入生物标志物：综述

许多研究都承认充足的蔬菜摄入量对人体健康至关重要。然而，由于自我报告和/或细节不足，目前估计蔬菜摄入量的方法通常容易出现测量误差。优选使用生物标本的更客观的蔬菜摄入生物标志物。目前唯一可用的浓度生物标志物是血液类胡萝卜素和维生素C，涵盖了水果和蔬菜的总摄入量。需要识别特定蔬菜的生物标记，以更好地了解其对人类健康的相对重要性。在“健康饮食促进健康生活”联合计划倡议下的FoodBAll项目中，采取了一项雄心勃勃的行动，通过系统地审查现有文献，为欧洲所有主要食品类别识别候选摄入生物标志物。这项研究描述了关于叶类，鳞茎类和茎类蔬菜的食物摄入（BFI）候选生物标志物的综述，该综述由PubMed，Scopus和Web of Science进行，研究持续至2019年3月。研究共发表了65篇全文文章评估叶菜类蔬菜的合格性，并筛选了6篇全文文章中的鳞茎类和茎类蔬菜。公认的BFIs用于菠菜，生菜，菊苣，芦笋，朝鲜蓟和芹菜，但不能用于火箭沙拉。但是，在通过FoodBAll联合会开发的验证方案进行严格评估之后，推定的生物标志物似乎都不是有前途的BFI。食品化学数据表明，一些候选的BFI可能会通过进一步的研究揭示出来。需要未来的随机控制喂养研究与观察性研究相结合，应用非靶向代谢组学方法，以鉴定出用于摄取叶类，鳞茎和茎类蔬菜的有价值的BFI。