Power systems are subject to fundamental changes due to the increasing infeed of decentralized renewable energy sources and storage. The decentralized nature of the new actors in the system requires new concepts for structuring the power grid and achieving a wide range of control tasks ranging from seconds to days. Here, we introduce a multiplex dynamical network model covering all control timescales. Crucially, we combine a decentralized, self-organized low-level control and a smart grid layer of devices that can aggregate information from remote sources. The safety-critical task of frequency control is performed by the former and the economic objective of demand matching dispatch by the latter. Having both aspects present in the same model allows us to study the interaction between the layers. Remarkably, we find that adding communication in the form of aggregation does not improve the performance in the cases considered. Instead, the self-organized state of the system already contains the information required to learn the demand structure in the entire grid. The model introduced here is highly flexible and can accommodate a wide range of scenarios relevant to future power grids. We expect that it is especially useful in the context of low-energy microgrids with distributed generation.

中文翻译：

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电网中经济和频率控制的多重，多时标模型方法

由于分散式可再生能源和储能的增加，电力系统将发生根本性变化。系统中新参与者的分散性质要求采用新概念来构建电网并实现从几秒钟到几天的各种控制任务。在这里，我们介绍了涵盖所有控制时标的多重动态网络模型。至关重要的是，我们将分散的，自组织的底层控制与设备的智能网格层结合在一起，这些设备可以聚合来自远程源的信息。频率控制的安全关键任务由前者执行，而需求匹配调度的经济目标则由后者执行。在同一模型中同时存在两个方面，使我们能够研究各层之间的交互作用。值得注意的是 我们发现，在所考虑的情况下，以聚合形式添加通信不会提高性能。相反，系统的自组织状态已经包含了学习整个网格中的需求结构所需的信息。这里介绍的模型具有高度的灵活性，可以适应与未来电网相关的各种情况。我们希望它在分布式发电的低能耗微电网的背景下特别有用。