Musical training, because it involves the interaction and integration of diverse functional systems, is an excellent model to investigate training-induced brain plasticity. The human brain functions in a network architecture in which dynamic modules and subgraphs are considered to enable efficient information communication. However, it remains largely unknown how the dynamic integration of functional systems changes with musical training, which may provide new insight into musical training-induced brain plasticity and further the use of music therapy for neuropsychiatric disease and brain injury. Here, 29 healthy young adult novices who received 24 weeks of piano training, and another 27 novices without any intervention were scanned at three time points—before and after musical training and 12 weeks after training. We used nonnegative matrix factorization to identify a set of subgraphs and their corresponding time-dependent coefficients from a concatenated functional network of all the subjects in sliding time windows. The energy and entropy of the time-dependent coefficients were computed to quantify the subgraph’s dynamic changes in expression. The training group showed a significantly increased energy of the time-dependent coefficients of 3 subgraphs after training. Furthermore, one of the subgraphs, comprised of primary functional systems and cingulo-opercular task control and salience systems, showed significantly changed entropy in the training group after training. Our results suggest that the integration of functional systems undergoes increased flexibility in fine-scale dynamics after musical training, which reveals how brain functional systems engage in musical performance. The efficacy of musical training induced brain plasticity may provide new therapeutic strategies for brain injury and neuropsychiatric disorders.

中文翻译：

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年轻人进行音乐训练后，功能系统的集成更加灵活

音乐训练，因为它涉及到各种功能系统的相互作用和整合，是研究训练引起的大脑可塑性的绝佳模型。人脑在网络架构中起作用，其中动态模块和子图被认为可以实现有效的信息交流。但是，功能系统的动态整合如何随着音乐训练而变化仍然是很大程度上未知的，这可能会为音乐训练引起的大脑可塑性以及进一步将音乐疗法用于神经精神疾病和脑损伤提供新的见解。在这里，对29名健康的年轻成人新手进行了24周的钢琴训练，另外27名未经任何干预的新手在音乐训练前后和训练后12周的三个时间点进行了扫描。我们使用非负矩阵分解来从滑动时间窗口中所有对象的级联功能网络中识别出一组子图及其对应的时变系数。计算随时间变化的系数的能量和熵，以量化子图在表达式中的动态变化。训练后，训练组显示3个子图的时间相关系数的能量显着增加。此外，其中一个子图由主要功能系统以及扣带-舌任务控制和显着系统组成，在训练后，其训练组的熵显着改变。我们的结果表明，音乐训练后，功能系统的集成在小规模动力学中的灵活性不断提高，揭示了大脑功能系统如何参与音乐表演。音乐训练诱发的大脑可塑性的功效可能为脑损伤和神经精神疾病提供新的治疗策略。