Most of the studies employing neuroimaging have focused on cortical and subcortical signals individually to obtain neurophysiological signatures of cognitive functions. However, understanding the dynamic communication between the cortex and subcortical structures is essential for unraveling the neural correlates of cognition. In this quest, magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) are the methods of choice because they are noninvasive electrophysiological recording techniques with high temporal resolution. Sophisticated MEG/EEG source estimation techniques and network analysis methods, developed recently, can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the neurophysiological mechanisms of fundamental cognitive processes. Used together with noninvasive modulation of cortical–subcortical communication, these approaches may open up new possibilities for expanding the repertoire of noninvasive cognitive neurotechnology.

大多数采用神经影像学的研究都集中在单独的皮层和皮层下信号上，以获得认知功能的神经生理学特征。然而，了解皮层和皮层下结构之间的动态交流对于解开认知的神经相关性至关重要。在这一探索中，脑磁图 (MEG) 和脑电图 (EEG) 是首选方法，因为它们是具有高时间分辨率的无创电生理记录技术。最近开发的复杂的 MEG/EEG 源估计技术和网络分析方法可以更全面地了解基本认知过程的神经生理机制。与皮层-皮层下通讯的无创调制一起使用，