While fish reproduction has played a critical role in development of life-history theory, the collective effects of a marine-to-freshwater invasion on a clade's reproductive ecology have rarely been explored in a phylogenetic context. We analysed and compared a range of quantitative and qualitative components of reproductive ecology in the Australasian terapontid fishes, a family distributed widely across marine, estuarine and freshwater habitats in the Indo-Pacific region. We specifically tested hypotheses that life-history strategies such as larger egg sizes and reduced fecundities are a key characteristic of freshwater species in comparison with their close marine relatives, and also fit a range of currently available evolutionary models describing the processes of ecomorphological and macrohabitat-related diversification. Using recently developed phylogenetic comparative methods, differences in several quantitative reproductive traits were evident between marine and freshwater species, with reductions in average fecundity and increases in average egg size specifically characterising freshwater species. Evolutionary modelling of major trait axes, as well as specific traits across the family, highlighted significant increases in rates of evolutionary diversification across both freshwater lineages and within freshwater subclades. Modelling also supported the evolution of distinctive morpho-ecotype optima between marine and freshwater species over simpler models of random-walk evolution or single morphological optima. Review of life-history behaviour identified environmental stimuli related to photoperiod, temperature, and lunar-tidal cycles (and possibly combinations thereof) as playing an important role in stimulating spawning behaviour in most marine-euryhaline species. While some of these variables (temperature and photoperiod) continue to play an important role in some freshwater species, flow regime, particularly streamflow increases, appear more important in stimulating spawning responses, underlining the role of flow regime emerging as a master variable shaping evolutionary trajectories in freshwater clades. In this review and meta-analysis, we document that adaptation to an entirely freshwater existence has catalysed significant, and in several cases, relatively rapid adaptive evolution to very different life-history strategies within freshwater species. The invasion of freshwaters has had profound impacts on the trajectory of terapontid life-history evolution, driving significant changes in a range of traits relating to fecundity, egg size, spawning stimuli, and spawning substratum. Collective results suggest a distinct adaptive landscape difference between marine and freshwaters. Terapontids can provide a useful model for assessing the consistency of these outcomes with other freshwater-invading groups.

中文翻译：

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采用淡水栖息地对蝾螈生活史生态的影响

虽然鱼类繁殖在生命史理论的发展中发挥了关键作用，但很少在系统发育背景下探索海洋到淡水入侵对进化枝生殖生态的集体影响。我们分析并比较了澳大利亚 terapontid 鱼类生殖生态的一系列定量和定性组成部分，该科广泛分布于印度-太平洋地区的海洋、河口和淡水栖息地。我们专门测试了这样的假设，即与它们的近亲海洋亲缘关系相比，较大的卵尺寸和减少的繁殖力等生活史策略是淡水物种的一个关键特征，并且还符合一系列目前可用的描述生态形态和大栖息地过程的进化模型。相关多元化。使用最近开发的系统发育比较方法，海洋和淡水物种之间的几种数量繁殖性状存在明显差异，平均繁殖力降低，平均卵大小增加，特别是淡水物种的特征。主要性状轴的进化模型，以及整个家族的特定性状，突出了淡水谱系和淡水亚支内进化多样化率的显着增加。建模还支持海洋和淡水物种之间独特的形态生态型优化的进化，而不是随机游走进化或单一形态优化的简单模型。回顾生活史行为，确定与光周期、温度、和月球潮汐周期（及其可能的组合）在刺激大多数海洋广盐性物种的产卵行为方面发挥着重要作用。虽然其中一些变量（温度和光周期）在一些淡水物种中继续发挥重要作用，但流态，尤其是水流增加，在刺激产卵响应方面显得更为重要，强调了流态作为塑造进化轨迹的主要变量的作用在淡水进化枝中。在这篇综述和荟萃分析中，我们记录了对完全淡水存在的适应已经催化了显着的，并且在一些情况下，对淡水物种内非常不同的生活史策略的相对快速的适应性进化。淡水的入侵对terapontid生活史进化的轨迹产生了深远的影响，推动了与繁殖力、卵大小、产卵刺激物和产卵基质相关的一系列特征的显着变化。集体结果表明海洋和淡水之间存在明显的适应性景观差异。Terapontids 可以提供一个有用的模型来评估这些结果与其他淡水入侵群体的一致性。