System level simulations, which are gaining on importance in the product concept design process and in the “Hardware‐in‐the‐Loop” (HiL) applications, require models that feature high level of accuracy, high level of prediction capability and short computational times. This paper presents an innovative mechanistic quasi 3D model capable of real time computation of steady state and transient fuel cell operation. This model relies on a hybrid 3D analytic‐numerical model (HAN) approach, which models species transport by taking 1D numerical model for pipe gas‐flow and superimposing onto it a 2D analytic solution for concentration and velocity distribution in the plane perpendicular to the gas‐flow. The main innovative contribution of this paper comprises a significant mathematical reduction of the previously published HAN approach to a computationally optimized approach featuring a minimal amount of computational points yielding a real‐time capable model (denoted HAN‐RT), which complies with 1kHz HiL constraints while retaining HAN's quasi 3D nature. Presented results confirm that the computationally optimized HAN‐RT model displays real‐time capabilities at sampling rates above 1 kHz while producing results that agree very well with spatially resolved results generated by the 3D multiphase CFD tool and with the experimental results of steady state and transient fuel cell operation.

中文翻译：

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PEM燃料电池的实时准3D系统级模型

系统级仿真在产品概念设计过程和“硬件在环”（HiL）应用中变得越来越重要，要求模型具有高准确性，高预测能力和较短的计算时间。本文提出了一种创新的准3D模型，能够实时计算稳态和瞬态燃料电池的运行情况。该模型依赖于混合3D解析数字模型（HAN）方法，该模型通过采用管道气流的一维数值模型并将其叠加在垂直于气体的平面中的浓度和速度分布的二维解析解上来模拟物种迁移。 -流。本文的主要创新贡献包括将以前发布的HAN方法大大简化为一种计算优化方法，该方法以最少的计算点为基础，产生了一个实时功能强大的模型（表示为HAN-RT），该模型符合1kHz HiL约束同时保留HAN的准3D性质。呈现的结果证实了经过计算优化的HAN-RT模型以高于1 kHz的采样率显示了实时功能，同时产生的结果与3D多相CFD工具生成的空间分辨结果以及稳态和瞬态的实验结果非常吻合燃料电池运行。符合1kHz HiL限制，同时保留HAN的准3D性质。呈现的结果证实了经过计算优化的HAN-RT模型以高于1 kHz的采样率显示了实时功能，同时产生的结果与3D多相CFD工具生成的空间分辨结果以及稳态和瞬态的实验结果非常吻合燃料电池运行。符合1kHz HiL限制，同时保留HAN的准3D性质。呈现的结果证实了经过计算优化的HAN-RT模型以高于1 kHz的采样率显示了实时功能，同时产生的结果与3D多相CFD工具生成的空间分辨结果以及稳态和瞬态的实验结果非常吻合燃料电池运行。