Thyroid disease is common in women of childbearing age and can have significant effects on the development of the fetus and perinatal outcomes. Maternal thyroid hormone is critical for proper fetal neurodevelopment, and the fetus relies on thyroid hormone from its mother for the first half of pregnancy. Both overt maternal hypothyroidism and overt maternal hyperthyroidism have been shown to be associated with adverse effects on central nervous system gray matter and neurocognitive development of offspring as well as increased obstetrical risks. Treatment of overt thyroid conditions improves outcomes. Subclinical maternal hypothyroidism may increase adverse neurocognitive and obstetrical outcomes although data are conflicting. To date, treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism has not shown benefit. Subclinical hyperthyroidism is well tolerated in pregnancy. Thyroid autoantibodies alone may also affect neurodevelopment and obstetrical outcomes; however, recent data have shown no improvement with levothyroxine treatment. Several rare maternal genetic thyroid conditions can affect the fetus including a thyroid‐stimulating hormone receptor mutation leading to hypersensitivity to human chorionic gonadotropin and thyroid hormone resistance. The thyroid plays a crucial role in fetal health and understanding it is important for optimal care.

中文翻译：

---

母体甲状腺疾病及其对胎儿和围产期结局的影响

甲状腺疾病在育龄妇女中很常见，并且会对胎儿的发育和围产期结局产生重大影响。母体甲状腺激素对胎儿的神经发育至关重要，胎儿在怀孕的前半段依赖母亲的甲状腺激素。已证明明显的母体甲状腺功能减退和明显的母体甲状腺功能亢进与对中枢神经系统灰质和后代神经认知发育的不良影响以及产科风险增加有关。治疗明显的甲状腺疾病可改善结果。尽管数据相互矛盾，但亚临床母体甲状腺功能减退症可能会增加不良的神经认知和产科结果。迄今为止，亚临床甲状腺功能减退症的治疗尚未显示出益处。妊娠期亚临床甲状腺功能亢进症的耐受性良好。单独的甲状腺自身抗体也可能影响神经发育和产科结果；然而，最近的数据显示左旋甲状腺素治疗没有改善。几种罕见的母体遗传性甲状腺疾病会影响胎儿，包括促甲状腺激素受体突变导致对人绒毛膜促性腺激素过敏和甲状腺激素抵抗。甲状腺在胎儿健康中起着至关重要的作用，了解它对于最佳护理很重要。几种罕见的母体遗传性甲状腺疾病会影响胎儿，包括促甲状腺激素受体突变导致对人绒毛膜促性腺激素过敏和甲状腺激素抵抗。甲状腺在胎儿健康中起着至关重要的作用，了解它对于最佳护理很重要。几种罕见的母体遗传性甲状腺疾病会影响胎儿，包括促甲状腺激素受体突变导致对人绒毛膜促性腺激素过敏和甲状腺激素抵抗。甲状腺在胎儿健康中起着至关重要的作用，了解它对于最佳护理很重要。