Based on the literature, we had predicted that the diversification within the Neotropical snake genus Bothrops occurred along a latitudinal gradient from north to south, with diversification into unoccupied niches through ecological opportunity, not correlated with geoclimatic events. Using a dated phylogeny and estimating likelihoods of ancestral states at cladogenesis events, we reconstructed ancestral areas and assessed major events of the diversification of Bothrops clades, and we also discuss systematic implications for this group. Based on the phylogeny we produced, B. lojanus was not considered as part of the genus Bothrops since the results recovered this species nested within the Bothrocophias clade. We infer that the diversification of the Miocene Bothrops pictus and Bothrops alternatus clades may be related to the uplift of the western slopes of the Andes and the Argentinian Patagonian Andes, respectively. The Pliocene Bothrops taeniatus and Bothrops osbornei clades may be related to the uplift of the eastern and northern Andes, respectively. The Plio‐Pleistocene Bothrops neuwiedi clade may be related to the habitat transitions from a warmer and forested environment to a cooler and open landscape; the Bothrops jararaca (i.e. island endemic species) and Bothrops lanceolatus clades to over‐water dispersal with island speciation; and Bothrops atrox clade to the appearance of the Panamanian land bridge. We found that a multitemporal and multidirectional history of diversification may be correlated with geoclimatic and dispersalist events. We argue that the vacant niche hypothesis by itself does not explain Bothrops diversification.

中文翻译：

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新热带枪头蝰蛇（Serpentes，Viperidae）多样化的复杂生物地理历史

根据文献，我们预测新热带蛇属 Bothrops 内的多样化发生在从北到南的纬度梯度上，通过生态机会多样化到无人居住的生态位，与地理气候事件无关。使用过时的系统发育和估计在分支发生事件中祖先状态的可能性，我们重建了祖先区域并评估了 Bothrops 进化枝多样化的主要事件，我们还讨论了对该组的系统影响。根据我们产生的系统发育，B. lojanus 不被视为 Bothrops 属的一部分，因为结果恢复了该物种嵌套在 Bothrocophias 进化枝中。我们推断中新世Bothrops pictus 和Bothrops alternatus 进化枝的多样化可能分别与安第斯山脉和阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚安第斯山脉西坡的抬升有关。上新世 Bothrops taeniatus 和 Bothrops osbornei clades 可能分别与安第斯山脉东部和北部的隆升有关。Plio-Pleistocene Bothrops neuwiedi 进化枝可能与栖息地从温暖的森林环境过渡到凉爽开放的景观有关；Bothrops jararaca（即岛屿特有物种）和 Bothrops lanceolatus 进化枝通过岛屿物种形成进行水上扩散；和 Bothrops atrox 进化到巴拿马陆桥的外观。我们发现，多样化的多时间和多方向历史可能与地理气候和扩散事件有关。