Interstitial trichomycterid catfishes of the Glanapteryginae and Sarcoglanidinae with uncommon morphology have been known for long time from taxa endemic to the Amazon. In most recent decades, two genera, Listrura and Microcambeva, respectively, placed in Glanapteryginae and Sarcoglanidinae on the basis of morphological characters, have been described from the Atlantic Forest of eastern South America, about 1,500 km from the area inhabited by those Amazon taxa. Herein, we first test the phylogenetic positioning of Listrura and Microcambeva using a multigene data set, including two nuclear and three mitochondrial genes for nine species of Listrura and Microcambeva and 11 species representing all closely related subfamilies (TSVSG‐clade), as well as five used as outgroups. The phylogenetic analyses generated a robust tree with high support values in all nodes, where monophyly of Glanapteryginae and Sarcoglanidinae is refuted. In contrast, Listrura and Microcambeva form a highly supported clade, herein formally described as a new subfamily, sister to a clade containing taxa representing the Glanapteryginae, Sarcoglanidinae, Stegophilinae, Tridentinae and Vandelliinae. This study also indicates that Microcambeva and Listrura exhibit divergent evolutionary trends in ecological and morphological attributes. Species of Microcambeva inhabit patches of loose sand and possess morphological traits that were convergently acquired by Amazon sand‐dwelling sarcoglanidines, including loss of body pigmentation and long maxilla. Species of Listrura live burrowed inside small stretches of dense leaf litter and have morphological traits that were convergently acquired by Amazon glanapterygines inhabiting leaf litter bottom rivers, including elongate body, with numerous vertebrae and loss or reduction of all fins.

中文翻译：

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多基因系统发育揭示了来自亚马逊和大西洋森林的小型间质鲶鱼的趋同进化（Siluriformes：Trichomycteridae）

Glanapteryginae 和 Sarcoglanidinae 的间质毛霉菌鲶鱼具有不常见的形态，从地方性分类群到亚马逊很久以前就已为人所知。近几十年来，在距亚马逊分类群居住区约 1,500 公里的南美洲东部大西洋森林中，根据形态特征分别被归入 Glanapteryginae 和 Sarcoglanidinae 的两个属 Listrura 和 Microcambeva。在此，我们首先使用多基因数据集测试 Listrura 和 Microcambeva 的系统发育定位，包括 Listrura 和 Microcambeva 的 9 个物种的两个核基因和三个线粒体基因以及代表所有密切相关亚科（TSVSG-clade）的 11 个物种，以及五个用作外群。系统发育分析在所有节点中生成了具有高支持值的稳健树，其中驳斥了 Glanapteryginae 和 Sarcoglanidinae 的单系。相比之下，Listrura 和 Microcambeva 形成了一个高度支持的进化枝，在本文中正式描述为一个新的亚科，是包含代表 Glanapteryginae、Sarcoglanidinae、Stegophilinae、Tridentinae 和 Vandelliinae 的分类群的进化枝的姐妹。这项研究还表明 Microcambeva 和 Listrura 在生态和形态属性方面表现出不同的进化趋势。Microcambeva 的物种栖息在松散的沙地中，具有亚马逊沙栖息的 sarcoglanidines 会聚获得的形态特征，包括身体色素沉着的丧失和长上颌骨。