Emotional arousal is one of several factors that determine the strength of a memory and how efficiently it may be retrieved. The systems at play are multifaceted; on one hand, the dopaminergic mesocorticolimbic system evaluates the rewarding or reinforcing potential of a stimulus, while on the other, the noradrenergic stress response system evaluates the risk of threat, commanding attention, and engaging emotional and physical behavioral responses. Sex‐specific patterns in the anatomy and function of the arousal system suggest that sexually divergent therapeutic approaches may be advantageous for neurological disorders involving arousal, learning, and memory. From the lens of the triple network model of psychopathology, we argue that post‐traumatic stress disorder and opiate substance use disorder arise from maladaptive learning responses that are perpetuated by hyperarousal of the salience network. We present evidence that catecholamine‐modulated learning and stress‐responsive circuitry exerts substantial influence over the salience network and its dysfunction in stress‐related psychiatric disorders, and between the sexes. We discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting the endogenous cannabinoid system; a ubiquitous neuromodulator that influences learning, memory, and responsivity to stress by influencing catecholamine, excitatory, and inhibitory synaptic transmission. Relevant preclinical data in male and female rodents are integrated with clinical data in men and women in an effort to understand how ideal treatment modalities between the sexes may be different.

中文翻译：

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儿茶酚胺在调节应激反应中的作用：创伤后应激障碍和鸦片停药的性别特异性模式，意义和治疗潜力

情绪唤醒是确定记忆强度以及恢复记忆的效率的几个因素之一。发挥作用的系统是多方面的；一方面，多巴胺能中皮层皮质系统评估刺激的奖励或增强潜力，而另一方面，去甲肾上腺素能应激反应系统评估威胁，指挥注意力以及参与情绪和身体行为反应的风险。觉醒系统的解剖结构和功能中的性别特定模式表明，对于在涉及觉醒，学习和记忆的神经系统疾病中，有性别差异的治疗方法可能是有利的。从心理病理学的三重网络模型的角度来看，我们认为，创伤后应激障碍和鸦片物质使用障碍是由适应性网络的高度兴奋导致的适应不良的学习反应引起的。我们提供的证据表明，儿茶酚胺调节的学习和压力反应性电路对与压力有关的精神病以及两性之间的显着网络及其功能障碍具有重大影响。我们讨论靶向内源性大麻素系统的治疗潜力；通过影响儿茶酚胺，兴奋性和抑制性突触传递来影响学习，记忆和对压力的反应的无处不在的神经调节剂。