Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been a popular platform for cell‐based therapy in regenerative medicine due to their propensity to home to damaged tissue and act as a repository of regenerative molecules that can promote tissue repair and exert immunomodulatory effects. Accordingly, a great deal of research has gone into optimizing MSC homing and increasing their secretion of therapeutic molecules. A variety of methods have been used to these ends, but one emerging technique gaining significant interest is the use of ultrasound. Sound waves exert mechanical pressure on cells, activating mechano‐transduction pathways and altering gene expression. Ultrasound has been applied both to cultured MSCs to modulate self‐renewal and differentiation, and to tissues‐of‐interest to make them a more attractive target for MSC homing. Here, we review the various applications of ultrasound to MSC‐based therapies, including low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound, pulsed focused ultrasound, and extracorporeal shockwave therapy, as well as the use of adjunctive therapies such as microbubbles. At a molecular level, it seems that ultrasound transiently generates a local gradient of cytokines, growth factors, and adhesion molecules that facilitate MSC homing. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these methods are far from fully elucidated and may differ depending on the ultrasound parameters. We thus put forth minimal criteria for ultrasound parameter reporting, in order to ensure reproducibility of studies in the field. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms will enhance our ability to optimize this promising therapy to assist MSC‐based approaches in regenerative medicine.

中文翻译：

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超声在增强间充质基质细胞疗法中的作用。

间充质基质细胞（MSCs）已成为在再生医学中基于细胞的治疗的流行平台，这是因为它们易于损伤的组织，并充当可促进组织修复和发挥免疫调节作用的再生分子的储存库。因此，已经进行了大量研究来优化MSC归巢并增加其治疗分子的分泌。为了达到这些目的，已经使用了多种方法，但是引起人们极大关注的一种新兴技术是超声的使用。声波对细胞施加机械压力，激活机械转导途径并改变基因表达。超声波已被应用于培养的MSC，以调节自我更新和分化，并应用于感兴趣的组织，使它们成为MSC归巢更有吸引力的靶标。这里，我们回顾了超声在基于MSC的治疗中的各种应用，包括低强度脉冲超声，脉冲聚焦超声和体外冲击波治疗，以及辅助治疗（如微泡）的使用。在分子水平上，超声似乎会瞬时产生促进MSC归巢的细胞因子，生长因子和粘附分子的局部梯度。但是，这些方法的分子机制远未得到充分阐明，并且可能取决于超声参数而有所不同。因此，我们提出了超声参数报告的最低标准，以确保该领域研究的可重复性。对这些机制的更深入了解将增强我们优化这种有前途的疗法的能力，以辅助基于MSC的再生医学方法。