Rossby waves arise in thin layers within fluid regions of stars and planets. These global wave‐like patterns occur due to the variation in Coriolis forces with latitude. In the past several years observational evidence has indicated that there are also Rossby waves in the Sun. Although Rossby waves have been detected in the Sun's photosphere and corona, they most likely originate in the solar tachocline, the sharp shear layer at the base of the solar convection zone, where the differential rotation driven by convection transitions to the solidly rotating radiative interior. These waves differ from their Earth's counterparts by being strongly modified by toroidal magnetic fields in the solar tachocline. Recent simulations of magnetohydrodynamics of tachocline Rossby waves and magnetic fields are demonstrated to produce strong “tachocline nonlinear oscillations,” which have periods similar to those observed in the solar atmosphere—enhanced periods of solar activity, or “seasons”—occurring at intervals between six months and two years. These seasonal/subseasonal bursts produce the strongest eruptive space weather events. Thus, a key to forecasting the timing, amplitude, and location of future activity bursts, and hence space weather events, could lie in our ability to forecast the phase and amplitude of Rossby waves and associated tachocline nonlinear oscillations. Accurately forecasting the properties of solar Rossby waves and their impact on space weather will require linking surface activity observations to the magnetohydrodynamics of tachocline Rossby waves, using modern data assimilation techniques. Both short‐term (hours to days) and long‐term (decadal to millennial) forecasts of space weather and climate are now being made. We highlight in this article the potential of solar Rossby waves for forecasting space weather on intermediate time scales, of several weeks to months up to a few years ahead.

中文翻译：

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Rossby Waves的空间天气挑战和预测意义

罗斯比波在恒星和行星的流体区域内的薄层中产生。这些整体波状模式是由于科里奥利力随纬度的变化而发生的。在过去的几年中，观察证据表明太阳也有罗斯比波。尽管已在太阳的光球和日冕中检测到Rossby波，但它们最有可能起源于太阳对流层，即太阳对流带底部的锋利剪切层，在对流驱动下，差速旋转转换为固体旋转辐射内部。这些波与太阳对应的波不同，它们受到太阳测速线中的环形磁场的强烈影响。已证明，最近的行车线罗斯比波和磁场的磁流体动力学模拟会产生强烈的“行车线非线性振荡”，其周期类似于在太阳大气中观测到的周期（增强的太阳活动周期或“季节”），间隔为六次几个月零两年。这些季节性/次季节爆发产生最强烈的爆发性太空天气事件。因此，预测未来活动爆发的时间，幅度和位置以及空间天气事件的关键可能在于我们预测Rossby波的相位和幅度以及相关的Tachocline非线性振荡的能力。准确地预测太阳罗斯贝波的性质及其对太空天气的影响，需要使用现代数据同化技术将表面活动观测结果与速动罗斯贝波的磁流体动力学联系起来。现在正在对空间天气和气候进行短期（几小时到几天）和长期（十年到千禧年）的预报。在本文中，我们重点介绍了罗斯伯比太阳海浪在预测未来几周到几个月甚至几年的中等时间尺度上太空天气方面的潜力。