Accurate inference in phylogeography requires appropriate sampling strategies. Complex questions demand a large sample size at both the population and genetic levels to obtain precise reconstructions. This is the case of the phylogeographic history of Cistus monspeliensis, a plant that displays low plastid (cpDNA) diversity in the Mediterranean Basin but high diversity in the Canary Islands. Here, we aimed to identify Mediterranean refugial areas and to accurately quantify inter‐island colonization events in the Canaries. Using a previous study as starting point, we increased sample size in two ways: (i) additional sampling of plastid genetic markers (from 1041 to 1899 bp); and (ii) additional sampling of populations (from 47 to 69) in long‐term persistence areas suggested by species distribution modeling (SDM). The synergy between SDM and extended population sampling helped find higher genetic diversity. Our deeper phylogeographic sampling of C. monspeliensis revealed the following: (i) potential refugia in long‐term persistence areas with high cpDNA diversity in western Europe and the Canary Islands; and (ii) a significant increase (from 7 to 12) in the number of inferred inter‐island colonization events across the archipelago. Our results stress the usefulness of SDM to identify the genetic signature associated with potential refugial areas. We herein propose a field sampling approach based on SDM that, in combination with a larger cpDNA sampling, can help answer a wide array of phylogeographic questions, such as the location of Quaternary refugia and number of colonizations across archipelagos.

中文翻译：

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在物种分布模型指导下的系统记录取样揭示了地中海-加那利水仙（Cistus monspeliensis（Cistaceae）的第四纪历史

正确的系统地理学推断需要适当的采样策略。复杂的问题要求在种群和遗传水平上都需要大量样本才能获得精确的重建结果。这就是Cistus monspeliensis的地理志，这是一种植物，在地中海盆地的质体（cpDNA）多样性低，但在加那利群岛的多样性高。在这里，我们旨在识别地中海避难区，并准确量化加那利群岛中的岛屿间殖民事件。以先前的研究为起点，我们通过两种方式增加了样本量：（i）质体遗传标记的额外采样（从1041到1899 bp）；（ii）根据物种分布模型（SDM）建议，在长期持久性地区进行人口抽样（从47到69）。SDM和扩展的人口抽样之间的协同作用有助于发现更高的遗传多样性。我们更深的C. monspeliensis的系统地理采样揭示了以下内容：（i）西欧和加那利群岛具有高cpDNA多样性的长期持久性地区的潜在避难所；（ii）整个群岛推断的岛屿间殖民化事件的数量显着增加（从7增加到12）。我们的结果强调了SDM识别与潜在避难区相关的遗传特征的有用性。我们在此提出一种基于SDM的现场采样方法，该方法与较大的cpDNA采样相结合，可以帮助回答各种各样的系统地理学问题，例如第四纪避难所的位置和整个群岛的殖民化数量。