Evidence is mounting that temperate‐zone reforestation cools surface temperature (T_surf), mitigating deleterious effects of climate warming. While T_surf drives many biophysical processes, air temperature (T_a) is an equally important target for climate mitigation and adaptation. Whether reductions in T_surf translate to reductions in T_a remains complex, fraught by several nonlinear and intertwined processes. In particular, forest canopy structure strongly affects near‐surface temperature gradients, complicating cross‐site comparison. Here the influence of reforestation on T_a is assessed by targeting temperature metrics that are less sensitive to local canopy effects. Specifically, we consider the aerodynamic temperature (T_aero), estimated using a novel procedure that does not rely on the assumptions of Monin‐Obukhov similarity theory, as well as the extrapolated temperature into the surface layer (T_extrap). The approach is tested with flux tower data from a grass field, pine plantation, and mature hardwood stand co‐located in the Duke Forest (North Carolina, USA). During growing season daytime periods, T_surf is 4–6 °C cooler, and T_aero and near‐surface T_extrap are 2–3 °C cooler, in the forests relative to the grassland. During the dormant season, daytime differences are smaller but still substantial. At night, differences in T_aero are small, and near‐surface T_extrap is warmer over forests than grasslands during the growing season (by 0.5 to 1 °C). Finally, the influence of land cover on T_extrap at the interface between the surface and mixed layer is small. Overall, reforestation appears to provide a meaningful opportunity for adaption to warmer daytime T_a in the southeastern United States, especially during the growing season.

中文翻译：

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造林的双重性对地表和气温的影响

越来越多的证据表明，温带造林可以降低地表温度（T _surf），从而减轻气候变暖的有害影响。虽然Ť_冲浪驱动器的许多生物物理过程，空气温度（Ť_一个）是用于气候减缓和适应一个同样重要的目标。T _surf的降低是否转化为T _a的降低仍然很复杂，这受多个非线性和相互交织的过程困扰。尤其是，林冠结构严重影响了近地表温度梯度，使跨站点比较变得复杂。这里造林对Ta_的影响通过针对对局部冠层效应不太敏感的温度指标进行评估。具体而言，我们考虑了采用新程序估算的空气动力学温度（T _aero），该程序不依赖于Monin-Obukhov相似性理论的假设，以及外推到表层的温度（T _extrap）。该方法已通过来自杜克森林（美国北卡罗来纳州）的草地，松树人工林和成熟硬木林的通量塔数据进行了测试。在生长季节的白天，T _surf的温度要低4–6°C，而T _aero和近地表的T会_析出在相对于草原的森林中，温度低2–3°C。在休眠季节，白天的差异较小，但仍然很大。到了晚上，在_生长季中，T _aero的差异很小，近地表的T_提取物在森林上的温度要高于草地（0.5至1°C）。最后，在表面和混合层之间的界面上，土地覆盖对T的_外延的影响很小。总体而言，再造林似乎提供了适应的机会来温暖白天牛逼_一个在美国东南部，尤其是在生长季节。