Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen responsible for severe worldwide outbreaks of the zoonosis Q fever. The remarkable resistance to environmental stress, extremely low infectious dose and ease of dissemination, contributed to the classification of C. burnetii as a class B biothreat. Unique among intracellular pathogens, C. burnetii escapes immune surveillance and replicates within large autophagolysosome‐like compartments called Coxiella‐containing vacuoles (CCVs). The biogenesis of these compartments depends on the subversion of several host signalling pathways. For years, the obligate intracellular nature of C. burnetii imposed significant experimental obstacles to the study of its pathogenic traits. With the development of an axenic culture medium in 2009, C. burnetii became genetically tractable, thus allowing the implementation of mutagenesis tools and screening approaches to identify its virulence determinants and investigate its complex interaction with host cells. Here, we review the key advances that have contributed to our knowledge of C. burnetii pathogenesis, leading to the rise of this once‐neglected pathogen to an exceptional organism to study the intravacuolar lifestyle.

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从被忽视到被剖析：技术进步如何引领研究克氏杆菌的发病机理。

伯氏柯氏杆菌是专性的细胞内细菌病原体，可导致严重的人畜共患Q病全球爆发。对环境胁迫，极低的感染剂量和易于传播的显着阻力，促成的分类贝氏柯克斯作为B类生物威胁。独特的细胞内病原体中，贝氏柯克斯逃脱大autophagolysosome般的车厢内被称为免疫监视和重复贝氏含空泡（校准检验）。这些区室的生物发生取决于几种宿主信号途径的颠覆。多年来，伯氏梭菌的专一性细胞内性质对其致病性状的研究施加了重大的实验障碍。随着2009年轴心培养基的发展，伯氏梭状芽胞杆菌在遗传上变得易于处理，因此可以实施诱变工具和筛选方法来鉴定其毒力决定因素并研究其与宿主细胞的复杂相互作用。在这里，我们回顾了有助于我们了解伯氏梭菌发病机理的关键进展，从而导致了这种曾经被忽视的病原体上升为一种特殊的有机体，以研究其空泡内生活方式。