The United States, particularly the southern portion, has recently suffered drastic population expansion of wild pigs causing destruction of prime farmland. An associated concern, which has been understudied, is the potential transfer of nutrients and pathogens to surface water. This study aimed to identify the abiotic and biotic impacts of captive wild pigs on water quality, including nutrients, fecal indicator and pathogenic bacteria, and antimicrobial resistance. Overall, the study demonstrated that wild pigs harbored Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens, which were found in water runoff collected directly beneath the hog paddock, often 2 log10 greater than above-paddock levels. However, the impacts to downstream water quality were limited, perhaps because of a relatively large riparian buffer between the paddock and surface water. A higher rate of ammonium concentration changes over time was detected in the runoff water below the paddock; additionally, microbial releases detected in runoff were also time dependent, possibly associated with increasing pig numbers. Antibiotic resistance was generally not associated with the wild pigs. Antibiotic resistance genes were found in upstream as well as downstream surface water, suggesting that nonpoint sources of microbial contamination were present. Interestingly, intI1 levels were greater in below-paddock runoff by nearly 2 log10 . Overall, it appears that wild pigs potentially pose a threat to water quality but only if they have direct access to the water. Pathogen, fecal indicator bacteria, and some nutrient release were significantly associated with wild pigs, but riparian buffers limited water quality impairment.

中文翻译：

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野猪（Sus scrofa）对水质影响的初步调查

美国，尤其是南部地区，最近野猪数量急剧增加，导致主要农田遭到破坏。一个尚未得到充分研究的相关问题是营养物质和病原体向地表水的潜在转移。本研究旨在确定圈养野猪对水质的非生物和生物影响，包括营养物质、粪便指标和病原菌，以及抗菌素耐药性。总体而言，该研究表明，野猪携带沙门氏菌属、弯曲杆菌属、大肠杆菌和产气荚膜梭菌，它们是在直接收集在猪场下方的水径流中发现的，通常比围场以上的水平高 2 log10。但对下游水质的影响有限，也许是因为围场和地表水之间有一个相对较大的河岸缓冲区。在围场下方的径流水中检测到较高的铵浓度随时间变化；此外，在径流中检测到的微生物释放也与时间有关，可能与生猪数量增加有关。抗生素耐药性通常与野猪无关。在上游和下游地表水中都发现了抗生素抗性基因，表明存在微生物污染的非点源。有趣的是，围场以下径流中的 intI1 水平高出近 2 log10。总体而言，野猪似乎可能对水质构成威胁，但前提是它们必须直接接触水。病原体，粪便指示菌，