The microstructure of metals depends on the additive manufacturing (AM) process and the process parameters. However, experimentation on different process parameters for different materials is costly and time-consuming. To overcome these challenges, numerical simulations provide insights that allow prediction of microstructure formed under different process parameters. Microstructure modelling requires coupling of macro-scale thermal model or experimentally measured temperature profiles with either a meso-scale or micro-scale microstructure model. In this review, the commonly used AM techniques for metals are introduced, followed by a discussion on the microstructure of parts fabricated using these processes. This review then presents the latest models used in simulating different microstructural aspects of metal AM parts. In addition, the models were compared and the potential and challenges in microstructure modelling were discussed.

金属的微观结构取决于增材制造（AM）工艺和工艺参数。然而，针对不同材料的不同工艺参数的实验既昂贵又费时。为了克服这些挑战，数值模拟提供了洞见，可以预测在不同工艺参数下形成的微观结构。微观结构建模需要将宏观尺度的热模型或实验测量的温度分布与中尺度或微观尺度的微观结构模型耦合。在这篇评论中，介绍了常用的金属AM技术，然后讨论了使用这些工艺制造的零件的微观结构。然后，本文将介绍用于模拟金属增材制造零件的不同微观结构方面的最新模型。此外，