There have been overwhelming observations of piezo-/ferroelectric phenomena in many biological tissues and macromolecules, boosting the development of bio-based smart devices and the applications using electromechanical coupling phenomena in biological systems. The electromechanical coupling is believed to be responsible for various biophysical behaviors and remarkable biomaterial properties. Despite the abundant phenomenal observations, the fundamental understanding of the piezo-/ferroelectric effect in biomaterials/systems and the rational design of biobased macroscopic materials with desired piezoelectric responses are still scarce. In this review, we firstly present remarkable historical events on the development of piezo-/ferroelectricity in biomaterials, followed by a brief overview of the fundamental physics of piezo-/ferroelectricity. The developments of biopiezo-/bioferroelectricity in protein-based biomaterials and their implications are highlighted subsequently. In experimental studies, to identify the intrinsic piezo-/ferroelectric properties from other effects or artifacts is usually elusive. This issue is also addressed and discussed in detail, especially using piezoelectric force microscopy (PFM) and spectroscopy techniques to investigate the local piezo-/ferroelectric phenomena in nanostructured materials are highlighted emphatically.

中文翻译：

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生物材料中的压电/铁电现象：近期进展和观点的简要回顾

在许多生物组织和大分子中已经有压倒性的压电/铁电现象的观察，这促进了基于生物的智能设备的发展以及在生物系统中使用机电耦合现象的应用。机电耦合被认为是造成各种生物物理行为和非凡的生物材料特性的原因。尽管有大量的现象观察，但对生物材料/系统中压电/铁电效应的基本了解以及对具有所需压电响应的生物基宏观材料的合理设计仍然缺乏。在本文中，我们首先介绍了生物材料中压电/铁电发展的重要历史事件，然后简要概述了压电/铁电的基本物理原理。随后重点介绍了基于蛋白质的生物材料中生物压电/生物铁电的发展及其意义。在实验研究中，从其他效应或伪影中识别出固有的压电/铁电特性通常很困难。该问题也得到了解决和详细讨论，尤其着重强调了使用压电力显微镜（PFM）和光谱技术研究纳米结构材料中的局部压电/铁电现象。