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Delineation of phenotypes and genotypes related to cohesin structural protein RAD21.
Human Genetics ( IF 5.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-19 , DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02138-2
Lianne C Krab 1, 2, 3 , Iñigo Marcos-Alcalde 4, 5 , Melissa Assaf 6 , Meena Balasubramanian 7 , Janne Bayer Andersen 8 , Anne-Marie Bisgaard 9 , David R Fitzpatrick 10 , Sanna Gudmundsson 11 , Sylvia A Huisman 1, 12 , Tugba Kalayci 13 , Saskia M Maas 1, 14 , Francisco Martinez 15 , Shane McKee 16 , Leonie A Menke 1 , Paul A Mulder 17 , Oliver D Murch 18 , Michael Parker 19 , Juan Pie 20 , Feliciano J Ramos 21 , Claudine Rieubland 22 , Jill A Rosenfeld Mokry 23 , Emanuela Scarano 24 , Marwan Shinawi 25 , Paulino Gómez-Puertas 4 , Zeynep Tümer 8, 26 , Raoul C Hennekam 1
Affiliation  

RAD21 encodes a key component of the cohesin complex, and variants in RAD21 have been associated with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS). Limited information on phenotypes attributable to RAD21 variants and genotype-phenotype relationships is currently published. We gathered a series of 49 individuals from 33 families with RAD21 alterations [24 different intragenic sequence variants (2 recurrent), 7 unique microdeletions], including 24 hitherto unpublished cases. We evaluated consequences of 12 intragenic variants by protein modelling and molecular dynamic studies. Full clinical information was available for 29 individuals. Their phenotype is an attenuated CdLS phenotype compared to that caused by variants in NIPBL or SMC1A for facial morphology, limb anomalies, and especially for cognition and behavior. In the 20 individuals with limited clinical information, additional phenotypes include Mungan syndrome (in patients with biallelic variants) and holoprosencephaly, with or without CdLS characteristics. We describe several additional cases with phenotypes including sclerocornea, in which involvement of the RAD21 variant is uncertain. Variants were frequently familial, and genotype-phenotype analyses demonstrated striking interfamilial and intrafamilial variability. Careful phenotyping is essential in interpreting consequences of RAD21 variants, and protein modeling and dynamics can be helpful in determining pathogenicity. The current study should be helpful when counseling families with a RAD21 variation.

中文翻译:

描绘与粘附素结构蛋白RAD21有关的表型和基因型。

RAD21编码黏附蛋白复合物的关键成分,并且RAD21中的变体已与Cornelia de Lange综合征(CdLS)相关。当前公开了关于归因于RAD21变体的表型和基因型-表型关系的有限信息。我们收集了来自RAD21改变的33个家族的49个个体的序列[24个不同的基因内序列变异(2个重复出现),7个独特的微缺失],其中包括24个迄今未发表的病例。我们通过蛋白质建模和分子动力学研究评估了12种基因内变异的后果。完整的临床信息可用于29位患者。与由NIPBL或SMC1A的变体引起的面部形态,肢体异常(尤其是认知和行为)相比,它们的表型是减毒的CdLS表型。在临床信息有限的20位个体中,其他表型包括Mungan综合征(有双等位基因变异的患者)和全前脑性,具有或没有CdLS特征。我们描述了另外几个表型包括硬皮硬化症的病例,其中RAD21变体的参与尚不确定。变异常常是家族性的,基因型-表型分析显示出明显的家族间和家族内变异性。仔细的表型分析对于解释RAD21变体的后果至关重要,蛋白质建模和动力学分析有助于确定致病性。当为有RAD21变异的家庭提供咨询时,当前的研究应该会有所帮助。有或没有CdLS特性。我们描述了另外几个表型包括硬皮硬化症的病例,其中RAD21变体的参与尚不确定。变异常常是家族性的,并且基因型-表型分析显示出明显的家族间和家族内变异性。仔细的表型分析对于解释RAD21变体的后果至关重要,蛋白质建模和动力学分析有助于确定致病性。当为有RAD21变异的家庭提供咨询时,当前的研究应该会有所帮助。有或没有CdLS特性。我们描述了另外几个表型包括硬皮硬化症的病例,其中RAD21变体的参与尚不确定。变异常常是家族性的,基因型-表型分析显示出明显的家族间和家族内变异性。仔细的表型分析对于解释RAD21变体的后果至关重要,蛋白质建模和动力学分析有助于确定致病性。当为有RAD21变异的家庭提供咨询时,当前的研究应该会有所帮助。仔细的表型分析对于解释RAD21变体的后果至关重要,蛋白质建模和动力学分析有助于确定致病性。当为有RAD21变异的家庭提供咨询时,当前的研究应该会有所帮助。仔细的表型分析对于解释RAD21变体的后果至关重要,蛋白质建模和动力学分析有助于确定致病性。当为有RAD21变异的家庭提供咨询时,当前的研究应该会有所帮助。
更新日期:2020-04-21
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