Predator–prey interactions are critical in ecological communities, but it is increasingly clear that a predator’s effect goes beyond eating prey. Fear of predators may also alter the behaviour, physiology, and morphology of prey as they try to reduce risk. Such ‘non-consumptive effects’ (NCEs) may have important demographic effects on prey populations. The study of NCEs has recently grown significantly across marine ecosystems, including coral reefs. Coral reefs support diverse predator assemblages, and consumptive effects substantially impact prey populations, suggesting NCEs are also likely to be important. Indeed, a growing number of aquarium and field studies have demonstrated that the behaviour of reef fishes is changed by predators, typically using predator models or a gradient of fishing pressure. Here, we review these studies to summarise what is currently known about NCEs in reef-fish assemblages, including effects on individuals and populations and variations in space and time caused by predator and prey traits and environmental factors, and the evidence for NCEs driving trophic cascades. Critically, throughout we also draw on a wider literature to highlight hypotheses and theories emerging in other ecosystems that can inform further work on reefs. While it is clear NCEs are significant among reef fishes and can alter reef functioning, evidence of demographic changes, mechanistic pathways (e.g. behavioural vs. stress induced), and work with multiple predators and prey is lacking. We suggest that establishing an initial framework of interactions among different predator and prey types is needed, allowing the integration of factors such as habitat complexity and internal prey state (e.g. hunger), and an increased understanding of how fishes move around seascapes of fear and how to integrate NCEs into ecosystem models. Such integration is critical for a fuller understanding of how fish assemblages function, interact with benthic organisms, and will be affected by environmental stressors.

中文翻译：

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鱼类捕食者-猎物相互作用对珊瑚礁的非消耗性影响

捕食者与猎物的相互作用在生态社区中至关重要，但越来越清楚的是，捕食者的影响不仅仅是吃猎物。对捕食者的恐惧也可能会改变猎物的行为、生理和形态，因为它们试图降低风险。这种“非消耗效应”（NCE）可能对猎物种群产生重要的人口影响。最近，对 NCE 的研究在整个海洋生态系统中显着增长，包括珊瑚礁。珊瑚礁支持多样化的捕食者组合，消耗效应对猎物种群产生重大影响，这表明 NCEs 也可能很重要。事实上，越来越多的水族馆和实地研究表明，珊瑚鱼的行为会被捕食者改变，通常使用捕食者模型或捕鱼压力梯度。这里，我们回顾了这些研究，以总结目前对珊瑚鱼组合中 NCE 的了解，包括对个体和种群的影响以及由捕食者和猎物特征和环境因素引起的空间和时间变化，以及 NCE 驱动营养级联的证据。至关重要的是，在整个过程中，我们还利用更广泛的文献来强调其他生态系统中出现的假设和理论，这些假设和理论可以为珊瑚礁的进一步工作提供信息。虽然很明显 NCE 在珊瑚礁鱼类中很重要并且可以改变珊瑚礁的功能，但缺乏人口变化、机械途径（例如行为与压力引起的）以及与多种捕食者和猎物合作的证据。我们建议需要建立不同捕食者和猎物类型之间相互作用的初始框架，允许整合栖息地复杂性和内部猎物状态（例如饥饿）等因素，并加深对鱼类如何在恐惧的海景中移动以及如何将 NCE 整合到生态系统模型中的理解。这种整合对于更全面地了解鱼类组合如何运作、与底栖生物相互作用以及将受到环境压力因素的影响至关重要。