Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, is an evergreen tree of the tropics and sub-tropics native to the Indian subcontinent with demonstrated ethnomedicinal value and importance in agriculture as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. This ancient medicinal tree, often called the "wonder tree", is regarded as a chemical factory of diverse and complex compounds with a plethora of structural scaffolds that is very difficult to mimic by chemical synthesis. Such multifaceted chemical diversity leads to a fantastic repertoire of functional traits, encompassing a wide variety of biological activity and unique modes of action against specific and generalist pathogens and pests. Until now, more than 400 compounds have been isolated from different parts of neem including important bioactive secondary metabolites such as azadirachtin, nimbidin, nimbin, nimbolide, gedunin, and many more. In addition to its insecticidal property, the plant is also known for antimicrobial, antimalarial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, hypoglycaemic, antiulcer, antifertility, anticarcinogenic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anxiolytic, molluscicidal, acaricidal, and antifilarial properties. Notwithstanding the chemical and biological virtuosity of neem, it has also been extensively explored for associated microorganisms, especially a class of mutualists called endophytic microorganisms (or endophytes). More than 30 compounds, including neem "mimetic" compounds, have been reported from endophytes harbored in the neem trees in different ecological niches. In this review, we provide an informative and in-depth overview of the topic that can serve as a point of reference for an understanding of the functions and applications of a medicinal plant such as neem, including associated endophytes, within the overall theme of phytopathology. Our review further exemplifies the already-noted current surge of interest in plant and microbial natural products for implications both within the ecological and clinical settings, for a more secure and sustainable future.

中文翻译：

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利用古代药用植物印楝 (Neem) 和相关内生微生物的植物治疗宝库

印楝 (Azadirachta indica)，俗称印楝，是原产于印度次大陆的热带和亚热带常绿乔木，在农业和制药业中具有显着的民族药用价值和重要性。这棵古老的药用树，通常被称为“神奇树”，被认为是一个由多种复杂化合物组成的化工厂，具有大量难以通过化学合成来模拟的结构支架。这种多方面的化学多样性导致了功能性状的绝妙组合，包括多种生物活性和针对特定和通用病原体和害虫的独特作用模式。迄今为止，已从印楝的不同部位分离出 400 多种化合物，包括重要的生物活性次级代谢产物，如印楝素、nimbidin、nimbin、nimbolide、gedunin 等等。除了其杀虫特性外，该植物还具有抗菌、抗疟、抗病毒、抗炎、镇痛、解热、降血糖、抗溃疡、抗生育、抗癌、保肝、抗氧化、抗焦虑、杀软体动物、杀螨和抗丝虫的特性。尽管楝树的化学和生物技术精湛，但它也被广泛探索了相关微生物，特别是一类称为内生微生物（或内生菌）的共生者。已经报道了 30 多种化合物，包括印楝“模拟”化合物，它们来自不同生态位的印楝树中的内生菌。在这次审查中，我们提供了对该主题的信息丰富且深入的概述，可作为参考点，以了解药用植物（如印楝）（包括相关内生菌）在植物病理学总体主题内的功能和应用。我们的评论进一步举例说明了目前对植物和微生物天然产品的兴趣激增，其对生态和临床环境的影响，为更安全和可持续的未来。