In the last 20 or so years, the influence of endophytes and, quite recently, epiphytes of plants upon the compounds found in those plants, which were usually assumed to be phytochemicals produced by the plant for a variety of reasons, often as a defense against predators, is becoming more evident, in particular in the case of antitumor agents originally isolated from plant sources, though antibiotic agents might also be found, particularly from epiphytes. In this review, we started with the first report in 1993 of a taxol-producing endophyte and then expanded the compounds discussed to include camptothecin, the vinca alkaloids, podophyllotoxin, and homoharringtonine from endophytic microbes and then the realization that maytansine is not a plant secondary metabolite at all, and that even such a well-studied plant such as Arabidopsis thaliana has a vast repertoire of potential bioactive agents in its leaf epiphytic bacteria. We have taken data from a variety of sources, including a reasonable history of these discoveries that were not given in recent papers by us, nor in other papers covering this topic. The sources included the Scopus database, but we also performed other searches using bibliographic tools, thus, the majority of the papers referenced are the originals, though we note some very recent papers that have built on previous results. We concluded with a discussion of the more modern techniques that can be utilized to "persuade" endophytes and epiphytes to switch on silent biosynthetic pathways and how current analytical techniques may aid in evaluating such programs. We also comment at times on some findings, particularly in the case of homoharringtonine, where there are repetitious data reports differing by a few years claiming the same endophyte as the producer.

中文翻译：

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植物内生菌和附生菌：已知和“未知”细胞毒剂和抗生素剂的新兴来源？

在过去 20 年左右的时间里，植物的内生菌和最近的附生植物对这些植物中发现的化合物的影响，这些化合物通常被认为是植物出于各种原因产生的植物化学物质，通常是为了防御捕食者，正变得越来越明显，特别是在最初从植物来源分离的抗肿瘤剂的情况下，尽管也可能发现抗生素剂，特别是从附生植物中。在这篇综述中，我们从 1993 年关于产生紫杉醇的内生菌的第一份报告开始，然后将讨论的化合物扩展到包括喜树碱、长春花生物碱、鬼臼毒素和来自内生微生物的高三尖杉酯碱，然后意识到美登素不是植物次生植物完全代谢物，而且即使是像拟南芥这样经过充分研究的植物，其叶附生细菌中也含有大量潜在的生物活性剂。我们从各种来源获取数据，包括这些发现的合理历史，这些发现在我们最近的论文中没有给出，也没有在涉及这个主题的其他论文中给出。来源包括 Scopus 数据库，但我们还使用书目工具进行了其他搜索，因此，尽管我们注意到一些基于先前结果的最新论文，但引用的大多数论文都是原件。我们最后讨论了可用于“说服”内生菌和附生菌开启沉默生物合成途径的更现代的技术，以及当前的分析技术如何有助于评估此类程序。