Abstract The second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000–1700 nm) window provides a superior optical platform with high resolution, deep penetration and high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), which results from the intrinsic low scattering and autofluorescence in biological tissues. As one of the promising NIR-II emitting probes, lanthanide based nanoparticles (LnNPs) exhibit high photo stability and chemostability, long photoluminescence lifetimes, low long-term cytotoxicity and narrow emission bandwidths. All these merits have spurred the evolution of related bio-optics and a variety of biomedical applications of LnNPs. This mini-review discusses the most recent advances in both the design – the composition and surface modifications – and the applications of NIR-II emitting LnNPs in bioimaging, disease diagnosis and therapy. We also summarize the current limits and challenges facing the applications of LnNPs as well as discuss the directions of future development.

中文翻译：

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NIR-II发射镧系元素纳米粒子及其生物学应用的最新进展

摘要 第二个近红外 (NIR-II, 1000–1700 nm) 窗口提供了一个具有高分辨率、深穿透和高信噪比 (SNR) 的优越光学平台，这是由于其固有的低散射和自发荧光导致的。生物组织。作为有前途的 NIR-II 发射探针之一，镧系元素纳米粒子 (LnNPs) 表现出高光稳定性和化学稳定性、长光致发光寿命、低长期细胞毒性和窄发射带宽。所有这些优点刺激了相关生物光学的发展和 LnNPs 的各种生物医学应用。这篇小型综述讨论了设计（组成和表面修饰）以及 NIR-II 发射 LnNP 在生物成像、疾病诊断和治疗中的应用方面的最新进展。