Abstract Global changes, such as climate and urbanization, are strongly entwined and aggravated by the development of human activities, which also intensifies the human-mediated dispersal of species. However, few studies have explicitly considered the combined influence of urbanization and climate on species expansion. We investigated the combined roles of climate, urbanization and human-mediated dispersal in the expansion of Tetramorium immigrans (an invasive pavement ant in North America) in urban areas of South-eastern France. A total of 544 T. immigrans individuals were sampled from 16 urban gradients and genotyped at 14 microsatellite markers. Based on molecular ecology methods and statistical modelling, we evaluated the impact of climate and urbanization on its distribution patterns. Through the combined study of the occurrence probabilities of T. immigrans, its genetic structure and the founder effects within its populations, the effect of climate–urbanization interaction on species distribution was clearly evidenced, suggesting that in the north of its range, T. immigrans subsists under harsher climate by colonizing the most urbanized areas. Many taxa may conform to such pattern, making the combined study of climate and urbanization a necessary challenge for future studies. Distribution patterns concurred with similar observations in the American invasive range of T. immigrans, making it likely that it may not be native to the northernmost part of its European range. Cryptic invasions or discreet range shifts in response to increasing urbanization are likely to occur in many taxa, especially in ants, and deserve increased attention from researchers and managers alike.

中文翻译：

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城市化-气候相互作用对入侵欧洲路面蚂蚁范围扩展的影响

摘要 气候、城市化等全球变化与人类活动的发展密切相关并加剧，也加剧了人类介导的物种扩散。然而，很少有研究明确考虑城市化和气候对物种扩张的综合影响。我们调查了气候、城市化和人类介导的传播在法国东南部城市地区 Tetramorium immigrans（北美的一种侵入性路面蚂蚁）扩张中的综合作用。从 16 个城市梯度中抽取了总共 544 名 T. immigrans 个体，并在 14 个微卫星标记处进行了基因分型。基于分子生态学方法和统计模型，我们评估了气候和城市化对其分布模式的影响。通过对 T. immigrans 的发生概率、其遗传结构和种群内的始祖效应的综合研究，清楚地证明了气候-城市化相互作用对物种分布的影响，表明在其分布范围的北部，T. immigras通过殖民城市化程度最高的地区，在更恶劣的气候下生存。许多类群可能符合这种模式，使得气候和城市化的联合研究成为未来研究的必要挑战。分布模式与美国入侵 T. immigras 范围内的类似观察结果一致，因此它可能不是其欧洲范围最北端的原生物种。随着城市化进程的加快，隐蔽的入侵或谨慎的范围转移很可能发生在许多类群中，特别是在蚂蚁中，