Abstract This paper examines the distribution of 91 modern dinoflagellate cyst taxa from 3636 locations across the world's oceans. Patterns of distributions among the taxa included bi-polarity, cosmopolitan, northern versus southern hemispheres, and geographically restricted. Of the 91 taxa, three dominate these 3636 assemblages at the global scale, Brigantedinium species, Operculodinium centrocarpum sensu Wall and Dale 1966 and some species of Spiniferites. Whereas Brigantedinium is a true cosmopolitan taxon, with high abundances in each ocean, Operculodinium centrocarpum sensu Wall and Dale 1966 shows high abundances in polar to temperate regions in the Northern Hemisphere, and in tropical to sub-tropical waters in the Southern Hemisphere. Spiniferites species show highest occurrences in the Southern Hemisphere. This study also highlights three true bi-polar species, Impagidinium pallidum, Islandinium minutum and cyst of Polarella glacialis. Only a few taxa are strictly endemic, either being relics of ancient seas such as the Paratethys (Spiniferites cruciformis) or linked to specific environmental conditions. However, recent studies have shown recent worldwide dispersal of these endemic species possibly due to human activities. Overall, this compilation has highlighted the progress made since the early 1970s on our understanding of these important tracers of environmental conditions but also gaps in our knowledge of their distribution in pelagic regions of the Pacific and Indian Oceans as well as under Arctic sea ice.

中文翻译：

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从现代甲藻包囊的双极到区域分布，它们的生物地理学概述

摘要 本文研究了来自世界海洋 3636 个地点的 91 个现代甲藻包囊分类群的分布。分类群之间的分布模式包括两极、世界性、南北半球和地理限制。在 91 个分类群中，三个在全球范围内主导了这 3636 个组合，Brigantedinium 物种、Operculodinium centrocarpum sensu Wall 和 Dale 1966 以及一些 Spiniferites 物种。尽管 Brigantedinium 是真正的世界性分类群，在每个海洋中都具有高丰度，但 Operculodinium centrocarpum sensu Wall 和 Dale 1966 在北半球的极地到温带地区以及南半球的热带到亚热带水域中显示出高丰度。Spiniferites 物种在南半球出现率最高。这项研究还突出了三种真正的双极物种，即苍白斑病菌、小岛斑病菌和冰川北极藻囊肿。只有少数分类群是严格地方性的，要么是古代海洋的遗迹，如 Paratethys (Spiniferites cruciformis)，要么与特定的环境条件有关。然而，最近的研究表明，这些地方性物种最近可能由于人类活动而在世界范围内扩散。总体而言，该汇编突出了自 1970 年代初以来我们在理解这些重要的环境条件示踪剂方面取得的进展，但也突出了我们对它们在太平洋和印度洋远洋地区以及北极海冰下分布的认识上的差距。要么是古代海洋的遗迹，如Paratethys (Spiniferites cruciformis)，要么与特定的环境条件有关。然而，最近的研究表明，这些地方性物种最近可能由于人类活动而在世界范围内扩散。总体而言，本汇编突出了自 1970 年代初以来我们在理解这些重要的环境条件示踪剂方面取得的进展，但也突出了我们对它们在太平洋和印度洋远洋地区以及北极海冰下分布的认识上的差距。要么是古代海洋的遗迹，如Paratethys (Spiniferites cruciformis)，要么与特定的环境条件有关。然而，最近的研究表明，这些地方性物种最近可能由于人类活动而在世界范围内扩散。总体而言，该汇编突出了自 1970 年代初以来我们在理解这些重要的环境条件示踪剂方面取得的进展，但也突出了我们对它们在太平洋和印度洋远洋地区以及北极海冰下分布的认识上的差距。