Abstract The environmental conditions during the ripening of dry-cured meats and their nutritional composition promote the colonisation of their surface by Penicillium spp., including Penicillium nordicum producer of ochratoxin A (OTA). The objective of this work was to study the competitiveness of three potential biocontrol candidates (Debaryomyces hansenii FHSCC 253H, Enterococcus faecium SE920 and Penicillium chrysogenum CECT 20922) against the ochratoxigenic P. nordicum FHSCC4 under environmental and nutritional conditions simulating the ripening of dry-cured meat products. For this, the nutritional utilisation pattern, niche overlap index (NOI), interactions by dual-culture assays and OTA production were determined. The number of carbon sources (CSs) metabolised depended on the microorganism and the interacting water activity (aw) x temperature conditions. The number of CSs utilised by both filamentous fungi was quite similar and higher than those utilised by D. hansenii and E. faecium. The yeast isolate metabolised a number of CSs much larger than the bacterium. The NOI values showed that, in general, P. nordicum nutritionally dominated E. faecium and D. hansenii regardless of the environmental conditions evaluated. The relationship between the toxigenic and non-toxigenic fungal isolates depended on the aw x temperature combinations, although in none of the conditions a dominance of P. nordicum was observed. According to the interaction assays, both D. hansenii and P. chrysogenum decreased the growth of P. nordicum. The effect of D. hansenii could be attributed to the production of some extra-cellular compounds, while the action of P. chrysogenum is likely related to nutritional competition. In addition, both P. chrysogenum and D. hansenii reduced the OTA levels produced by P. nordicum. The effect of the yeast was more pronounced decreasing the concentration of OTA at quantities lower than the limit established by the Italian legislation. Therefore, P. chrysogenum and D. hansenii can be suggested as biocontrol candidates in the manufacture of dry-cured meat products.

中文翻译：

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三种生防候选物在干腌肉环境和营养条件下对产赭色青霉的竞争力

摘要 干腌肉成熟过程中的环境条件及其营养成分促进了青霉属（Penicillium spp.）在其表面的定植，包括赭曲霉毒素 A (OTA) 生产者诺迪克青霉 (Penicillium nordicum)。这项工作的目的是研究三种潜在的生物防治候选物（Debaryomyces hansenii FHSCC 253H、屎肠球菌 SE920 和 Penicillium chrysogenum CECT 20922）在模拟干腌肉成熟的环境和营养条件下对产赭色的 P. nordicum FHSCC4 的竞争力产品。为此，确定了营养利用模式、生态位重叠指数 (NOI)、双培养测定和 OTA 生产的相互作用。代谢的碳源 (CS) 的数量取决于微生物和相互作用的水活度 (aw) x 温度条件。两种丝状真菌利用的 CS 数量非常相似，并且高于 D. hansenii 和 E. faecium 使用的数量。酵母分离物代谢了许多比细菌大得多的 CS。NOI 值表明，一般而言，无论评估的环境条件如何，北地疟原虫在营养上均占主导地位。产毒和非产毒真菌分离株之间的关系取决于 aw x 温度组合，尽管在任何条件下都没有观察到 P. nordicum 占优势。根据相互作用分析，D. hansenii 和 P. chrysogenum 都降低了 P. nordicum 的生长。D的影响。hansenii 可归因于一些细胞外化合物的产生，而 P. chrysogenum 的作用可能与营养竞争有关。此外，P. chrysogenum 和 D. hansenii 都降低了 P. nordicum 产生的 OTA 水平。当 OTA 浓度低于意大利立法规定的限制时，酵母的效果更明显。因此，P. chrysogenum 和 D. hansenii 可作为干腌肉制品生产中的生物防治候选物。当 OTA 浓度低于意大利立法规定的限制时，酵母的效果更明显。因此，P. chrysogenum 和 D. hansenii 可作为干腌肉制品生产中的生物防治候选物。当 OTA 浓度低于意大利立法规定的限制时，酵母的效果更明显。因此，P. chrysogenum 和 D. hansenii 可作为干腌肉制品生产中的生物防治候选物。