The sarco/endoplasmic reticulum is an extensive, dynamic and heterogeneous membranous network that fulfills multiple homeostatic functions. Among them, it compartmentalizes, stores and releases calcium within the intracellular space. In the case of muscle cells, calcium released from the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum in the vicinity of the contractile machinery induces cell contraction. Furthermore, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum-derived calcium also regulates gene transcription in the nucleus, energy metabolism in mitochondria and cytosolic signaling pathways. These diverse and overlapping processes require a highly complex fine-tuning that the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum provides by means of its numerous tubules and cisternae, specialized domains and contacts with other organelles. The sarco/endoplasmic reticulum also possesses a rich calcium-handling machinery, functionally coupled to both contraction-inducing stimuli and the contractile apparatus. Such is the importance of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum for muscle cell physiology, that alterations in its structure, function or its calcium-handling machinery are intimately associated with the development of cardiometabolic diseases. Cardiac hypertrophy, insulin resistance and arterial hypertension are age-related pathologies with a common mechanism at the muscle cell level: the accumulation of damaged proteins at the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum induces a stress response condition termed endoplasmic reticulum stress, which impairs proper organelle function, ultimately leading to pathogenesis.

中文翻译：

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肌细胞中的肌质网和钙信号传导：体内平衡和疾病。

肌/内质网是一个广泛的，动态的，异质的膜状网络，可以实现多种稳态功能。其中，它在细胞内空间内分隔，储存和释放钙。在肌肉细胞的情况下，从肌组织/内质网在收缩机制附近释放的钙诱导细胞收缩。此外，肌/内质网衍生的钙还调节细胞核中的基因转录，线粒体中的能量代谢和胞浆信号通路。这些多样且重叠的过程需要高度复杂的微调，肌节/内质网通过其众多的小管和池，专门的区域以及与其他细胞器的接触来提供。肌/内质网还具有丰富的钙处理机制，功能上与诱导收缩的刺激和收缩装置耦合。肌纤维/内质网对肌肉细胞生理的重要性就在于此，其结构，功能或其钙处理机制的改变与心脏代谢性疾病的发展密切相关。心肌肥大，胰岛素抵抗和动脉高血压是与年龄相关的病理，在肌肉细胞水平上具有共同的机制：受损蛋白在肌/内质网的积累会诱发称为内质网应激的应激反应状态，从而损害正常的细胞器功能，最终导致发病。在功能上耦合到诱导收缩的刺激和收缩装置。肌纤维/内质网对肌肉细胞生理的重要性就在于此，其结构，功能或其钙处理机制的改变与心脏代谢性疾病的发展密切相关。心肌肥大，胰岛素抵抗和动脉高血压是与年龄相关的病理，在肌肉细胞水平上具有共同的机制：受损蛋白在肌/内质网的积累会诱发称为内质网应激的应激反应状态，从而损害正常的细胞器功能，最终导致发病。在功能上耦合到诱导收缩的刺激和收缩装置。肌纤维/内质网对肌肉细胞生理的重要性就在于此，其结构，功能或其钙处理机制的改变与心脏代谢性疾病的发展密切相关。心肌肥大，胰岛素抵抗和动脉高血压是与年龄相关的病理，在肌肉细胞水平上具有共同的机制：受损蛋白在肌/内质网的积累会诱发称为内质网应激的应激反应状态，从而损害正常的细胞器功能，最终导致发病。功能或其钙处理机制与心脏代谢疾病的发展密切相关。心肌肥大，胰岛素抵抗和动脉高血压是与年龄相关的病理，在肌肉细胞水平上具有共同的机制：受损蛋白在肌/内质网的积累会诱发称为内质网应激的应激反应状态，从而损害正常的细胞器功能，最终导致发病。功能或其钙处理机制与心脏代谢疾病的发展密切相关。心肌肥大，胰岛素抵抗和动脉高血压是与年龄相关的病理，在肌肉细胞水平上具有共同的机制：受损蛋白在肌/内质网的积累会诱发称为内质网应激的应激反应状态，从而损害正常的细胞器功能，最终导致发病。