Abstract Electric Vehicles (EVs), accompanied with the use of Renewable Energy Sources (RES), are the solution for the decarbonization of the transport sector and are undoubtedly on the rise. Although EVs have been in the limelight over the last decade, little effort has been made towards the proper use of the vehicle’s battery. Therefore, a better understanding of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, since they represent the heart of the majority of electric cars, during the discharging and charging procedure is crucial. The present study, that was experimentally conducted under real-world driving conditions, quantitatively analyzes the energy losses that take place during the charging of a Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), focusing especially in the previously unexplored 80%–100% State of Charge (SoC) area. The results show that losses, during charging within the abovementioned area, are almost double compared to the 20%–80% SoC area and vehicle’s average specific real energy consumption is almost 2 kWh/100 km more, compared to what the driver sees on the EV’s dashboard. Furthermore, it is not for the driver’s benefit to exceed 80% of SoC during charging, considering the required charging time, the distance that each SoC area provides and the life expectancy of the battery itself. Based on these results and after a thorough literature review, the authors suggest the optimum SoC range within which drivers should operate the EV’s battery.

中文翻译：

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电动汽车最佳充电的真实世界研究

摘要 电动汽车 (EV) 与可再生能源 (RES) 的使用相结合，是交通部门脱碳的解决方案，并且无疑正在上升。尽管电动汽车在过去十年中备受关注，但在正确使用车辆电池方面却鲜有努力。因此，更好地了解锂离子 (Li-ion) 电池，因为它们代表了大多数电动汽车的核心，因此在放电和充电过程中至关重要。本研究是在实际驾驶条件下通过实验进行的，定量分析了电池电动汽车 (BEV) 充电过程中发生的能量损失，尤其关注以前未探索过的 80%–100% 充电状态。 SoC）区域。结果表明，损失 在上述区域内充电期间，与 20%–80% SoC 区域相比几乎翻了一番，与驾驶员在 EV 仪表板上看到的相比，车辆的平均特定实际能耗几乎高出 2 kWh/100 公里。此外，考虑到所需的充电时间、每个 SoC 区域提供的距离以及电池本身的预期寿命，在充电期间超过 SoC 的 80% 对驾驶员不利。基于这些结果并经过全面的文献审查，作者提出了最佳 SoC 范围，驾驶员应在该范围内操作 EV 的电池。考虑到所需的充电时间、每个 SoC 区域提供的距离以及电池本身的预期寿命，在充电期间超过 SoC 的 80% 对驾驶员不利。基于这些结果并经过全面的文献审查，作者提出了最佳 SoC 范围，驾驶员应在该范围内操作 EV 的电池。考虑到所需的充电时间、每个 SoC 区域提供的距离以及电池本身的预期寿命，在充电期间超过 SoC 的 80% 对驾驶员不利。基于这些结果并经过全面的文献审查，作者提出了最佳 SoC 范围，驾驶员应在该范围内操作 EV 的电池。