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Where are the women? A review and conceptual framework for addressing gender equity in charcoal value chains in Sub-Saharan Africa
Energy for Sustainable Development ( IF 5.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2019.11.003
Markus Ihalainen , Jolien Schure , Phosiso Sola

Abstract The importance of the charcoal sector is growing rapidly in Sub-Saharan Africa. In addition to providing an affordable energy source for residents in the continent's growing urban centers, the charcoal value chain offers a critical income source for millions of people. Despite recent studies suggesting that women are taking on an increasing role in charcoal value chains, data and analysis on the role of women and the influence of gendered power relations in the often male-coded charcoal value chain have remained limited. This literature review interrogates the gender dynamics of participation and benefits across charcoal value chains in Sub-Saharan Africa. We find significant support for women's participation throughout value chains, thereby contrasting conventional views of charcoal as a male activity. However, while dynamics change between different contexts, women's participation tends to be significantly higher in retail, while women tend to constitute a minority in other parts of the value chain – often joining the sector in the absence of alternative livelihood opportunities. The review also finds that gender differences exist across various nodes in terms of the scope, nature and outcomes of participation. While significant regional differences exist, our study finds that participation and outcomes tend to generally be influenced by gender differences and inequalities in: 1) access to and control over productive resources and income; 2) social and political capital, and; 3) gender roles and responsibilities. Importantly, other axes of social differentiation, such as generation, marital status, wealth and social class, often intersect with gender relations in influencing outcomes. In addition to structuring the extent, nature and outcomes of women and men's participation, we argue that gender roles and relations may significantly influence the efficiency and sustainability of the charcoal value chain. Based on our findings, we call for placing gender at the core – rather than periphery – of charcoal value chain studies, and propose a conceptual framework for incorporating gender analysis in future value chain studies in the charcoal sector.

中文翻译:

女人在哪里?解决撒哈拉以南非洲木炭价值链中性别平等问题的审查和概念框架

摘要 木炭行业的重要性在撒哈拉以南非洲地区迅速增长。除了为非洲大陆不断发展的城市中心的居民提供负担得起的能源外,木炭价值链还为数百万人提供了重要的收入来源。尽管最近的研究表明女性在木炭价值链中扮演着越来越重要的角色,但关于女性角色以及性别权力关系在通常由男性编码的木炭价值链中的影响的数据和分析仍然有限。该文献综述询问了撒哈拉以南非洲木炭价值链中参与和收益的性别动态。我们发现对女性参与整个价值链的大力支持,从而与将木炭视为男性活动的传统观点形成鲜明对比。然而,虽然不同环境之间的动态会发生变化,但女性在零售业的参与度往往要高得多,而女性在价值链的其他部分往往只占少数——通常在缺乏替代谋生机会的情况下加入该行业。审查还发现,在参与的范围、性质和结果方面,各个节点都存在性别差异。虽然存在显着的区域差异,但我们的研究发现,参与和结果通常会受到以下方面的性别差异和不平等的影响:1) 获得和控制生产资源和收入;2) 社会和政治资本,以及;3) 性别角色和责任。重要的是,社会分化的其他轴心,例如世代、婚姻状况、财富和社会阶层,在影响结果方面经常与性别关系相交。除了构建女性和男性参与的范围、性质和结果之外,我们认为性别角色和关系可能会显着影响木炭价值链的效率和可持续性。根据我们的发现,我们呼吁将性别置于木炭价值链研究的核心而非边缘,并提出一个概念框架,将性别分析纳入木炭行业未来的价值链研究。
更新日期:2020-04-01
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