Identifying environmental risk and protective exposures that have causal effects on health is an important scientific goal. Many environmental exposures are nonrandomly allocated and influenced by dispositional factors including inherited ones. We review family-based designs that can separate the influence of environmental exposures from inherited influences shared between parent and offspring. We focus on prenatal exposures. We highlight that the family-based designs that can separate the prenatal environment from inherited confounds are different to those that are able to pull apart later-life environmental exposures from inherited confounds. We provide a brief review of the literature on maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct problems; these inconsistencies in the literature make a review useful and this illustrates that results of family-based genetically informed studies are inconsistent with a causal interpretation for this exposure and these two offspring outcomes.

中文翻译：

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将遗传因素从产前和产后环境暴露中分离出来的基于家庭的设计：体外受精、不和谐的兄弟姐妹对、母亲与父亲的比较以及收养设计

识别对健康有因果影响的环境风险和保护性暴露是一个重要的科学目标。许多环境暴露是非随机分配的，并受性格因素（包括遗传因素）的影响。我们审查了基于家庭的设计，这些设计可以将环境暴露的影响与父母和后代之间共享的遗传影响分开。我们专注于产前暴露。我们强调，可以将产前环境与遗传混杂因素分开的基于家庭的设计不同于那些能够将晚年环境暴露与遗传混杂因素分开的设计。我们简要回顾了有关母亲怀孕期间吸烟和后代注意力缺陷/多动障碍 (ADHD) 和品行问题的文献；