BACKGROUND Despite the widespread use of organophosphate (OP) pesticides, information on predictors of children's exposure to such pesticides is scarce. OBJECTIVE To assess exposure to OP pesticides in children 3-11 year-old living in agricultural communities and urban areas from Andalusia (Southern Spain), and to identify the main determinants of exposure. METHODS A longitudinal study was conducted in children 3-11-year-old children living in agricultural communities and urban areas from the provinces of Almeria, Granada and Huelva (Andalusia, Spain) between 2010 and 2011. Urinary levels of six dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites were measured by UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS at the periods of low and high pesticide use in the agriculture (LPU and HPU, respectively). Information on sociodemographic characteristics, parental occupation, residential history, lifestyle and diet, among other relevant factors, was obtained from questionnaires administered to the mothers. RESULTS A total of 559 and 597 children participated in LPU and HPU periods, respectively. The proportion of urine samples below LOD was 67.4% for ΣDMs (sum of dimethyl metabolites), 77% for ΣDEs (sum of diethyl metabolites) and 58.5% for ΣDAPs (sum of total dialkylphosphate metabolites) in LPU period, and 50.4% for ΣDMs, 65.3% for ΣDEs and 43.9% for ΣDAPs in HPU period. Significantly greater urinary ΣDAP, ΣDM and ΣDE levels were observed in HPU relative to LPU period. Maternal schooling years, proximity of the house to crops or greenhouses, use of insecticides at home, spraying the garden with pesticides, storage of pesticides at home, house cleaning frequency, as well as child's frequency of bath/shower, were found to be the major predictors of urinary levels of ΣDAP. Likewise, not washing fruit and vegetables before consumption and banana consumption were also identified as determinants of the exposure levels. CONCLUSIONS Urinary levels of metabolites of OP pesticides found in this study were relatively lower compared to similar studies. DAP levels were significantly increased in HPU period. Maternal schooling years and variables related to residential environment and home exposures were identified as the most relevant determinants of DAP metabolites. Regarding diet, banana consumption and not washing fruit before consumption were also identified as determinants of the exposure levels. This study contributes to improve our knowledge on the main sources and determinants of children exposure to OPS, and given that children are more vulnerable than adults this information is essential to reduce children exposure and protect their health.

中文翻译：

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西班牙南部农业和城市社区中的学龄前儿童和学龄儿童的尿中有机磷酸盐农药水平和暴露的预测指标。

背景技术尽管有机磷酸酯（OP）杀虫剂被广泛使用，但是关于儿童暴露于此类杀虫剂的预测指标的信息很少。目的评估安达卢西亚（西班牙南部）农业社区和城市地区3-11岁儿童对OP农药的接触，并确定接触的主要决定因素。方法在2010年至2011年之间，对阿尔梅里亚，格拉纳达和韦尔瓦（西班牙安达卢西亚）省的农业社区和城市地区的3-11岁儿童进行了纵向研究。尿中六磷酸二烷基酯（DAP）的水平在农业中农药使用量较低和较高的时期（分别为LPU和HPU），通过UHPLC-QqQ-MS / MS测定代谢产物。有关社会人口统计学特征，父母职业，居住史，生活方式和饮食习惯以及其他相关因素，均来自向母亲发放的问卷。结果总共有559名儿童和597名儿童参加了LPU和HPU期。LPU期间，LDM低于LOD的尿液样本的比例为ΣDMs（二甲基代谢产物之和）为67.4％，ΣDEs（二乙基代谢产物之和）为77％，ΣDAPs（磷酸二烷基酯代谢物之和）为58.5％，对于ΣDMs为50.4％ ，在HPU期间，ΣDEs为65.3％，ΣDAP为43.9％。相对于LPU周期，HPU中观察到尿中ΣDAP，ΣDM和ΣDE的水平明显升高。产妇的受教育年限，房子与农作物或温室的距离，在家里使用杀虫剂，在花园里喷洒杀虫剂，在家里存放杀虫剂，打扫房间的频率，以及孩子洗澡/淋浴的频率，被发现是ΣDAP尿水平的主要预测指标。同样，食用和香蕉食用前不洗水果和蔬菜也被确定为暴露水平的决定因素。结论本研究中发现的OP农药代谢产物的尿水平与类似研究相比相对较低。HPU期间DAP水平显着增加。产妇的受教育年限以及与居住环境和家庭接触有关的变量被确定为DAP代谢产物的最相关决定因素。关于饮食，香蕉摄入量以及食用前不洗水果也被确定为暴露水平的决定因素。这项研究有助于提高我们对儿童接触OPS的主要来源和决定因素的了解，