Our recent study revealed some early molecular and cellular events in which 17β-estradiol (E2) disrupted testis differentiation and resulted in feminization in Xenopus laevis (the African clawed frog), an ideal species for studying reproductive endocrine disruption by estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). On this basis, we aimed to develop multiple biomarkers for early detection of testis differentiation disruption by estrogenic EDCs in X. laevis. Tadpoles at stage 45/46 were exposed to four known estrogenic EDCs with different estrogenic activities, including E2, diethylstilbestrol (DES), mestranol (MES) and 4-n-nonyphenol (NP). At stage 53, gonadal morphological and histological changes as well as altered sex-dimorphic gene expression in gonad-mesonephros complexes (GMCs) showed that these estrogenic EDCs disrupted testis differentiation and caused feminization to different degrees. Then we measured transcriptional changes of 48 candidate genes, which are believed to be associated with E2-induced testis differentiation alterations, in GMCs at stage 50. As a result, 19 genes were found to be transcriptionally altered by all test chemicals and proposed as promising biomarkers for early detection of testis differentiation disruption by estrogenic EDCs. Finally, all biomarker responses were integrated as integrated biomarker response (IBR) index to characterize testis differentiation disruption by these estrogenic EDCs in X. laevis. Compared with the methods used in previous studies, the multiple biomarker test using X. laevis at early developmental stages largely shortens the exposure duration, thereby achieving the goal of rapid detection. Certainly, the biomarker test needs further validations in the future study.

中文翻译：

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由遗传雄性非洲爪蟾的性腺-中甲复合体中的雌激素内分泌干扰物引起的转录变化：用于早期检测睾丸分化破坏的多种生物标记。

我们最近的研究揭示了一些早期分子和细胞事件，其中17β-雌二醇（E2）破坏睾丸分化并导致非洲爪蟾（Xenopus laevis）中的女性化，非洲爪蟾是研究雌激素内分泌干扰物（EDCs）对生殖内分泌破坏的理想物种。 ）。在此基础上，我们旨在开发多种生物标记物，用于早期检测X.laevis中雌激素EDC对睾丸分化的破坏。将处于45/46阶段的to暴露于具有不同雌激素活性的四个已知雌激素EDC中，包括E2，己烯雌酚（DES），雌二醇（MES）和4-正壬基酚（NP）。在第53阶段 性腺-中肾复合体（GMC）中性腺的形态学和组织学变化以及性别-二态基因表达的改变表明，这些雌激素性EDC破坏了睾丸的分化，并在不同程度上引起女性化。然后，我们在第50阶段的GMC中测量了48个候选基因的转录变化，这些基因被认为与E2诱导的睾丸分化改变有关。结果，发现19种基因在所有测试化学品中都发生了转录改变，并被认为是有希望的生物标记物，用于早期检测雌激素EDC对睾丸分化的破坏。最后，将所有生物标志物反应整合为综合生物标志物反应（IBR）指标，以表征X. laevis中这些雌激素EDC对睾丸分化的破坏。与以前的研究方法相比，在早期发育阶段使用X. laevis的多重生物标志物测试大大缩短了暴露时间，从而达到了快速检测的目的。当然，生物标记物测试需要在未来的研究中进一步验证。