Vascularization is one of the most challenging areas of tissue engineering research. Vascular engineering holds the key to counteracting cardiovascular diseases, which are the main cause of death worldwide, and to performing prevascularization of regenerated in vitro tissues to improve implantation survival. Hydrogels have been thoroughly studied in this field due to their mechanical properties and tissue-like characteristics, including their water content, biocompatibility, and efficient transport of nutrients and metabolites; these characteristics make them applicable to vascular reconstruction. In this review, we focused on the fabrication of blood vessels using biofunctional hydrogels and compared natural and synthetic materials. Various manufacturing methods were also discussed, as well as their applications in modeling tissue in vitro. Hydrogels have been used in vascular engineering owing to their mechanical properties and tissue-like characteristics. Hydrogel-based blood vessels can be constructed from natural or synthetic materials alone, or require a combination of both. The manufacturing methods play an important role in constructing vascular engineering to induce the vascular endothelial cells function driven by shear stress and biomechanical force. The different components and methods of engineered vascular hydrogels described in this review would provide useful information for the desired applications of in vitro tissue models.

中文翻译：

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工程血管水凝胶的体外制备和应用

血管化是组织工程研究中最具挑战性的领域之一。血管工程是对抗心血管疾病的关键，心血管疾病是世界范围内的主要死亡原因，也是对体外再生组织进行预血管化以提高植入存活率的关键。由于水凝胶的机械性能和组织样特性，包括其含水量、生物相容性以及营养物和代谢物的有效运输，水凝胶在该领域得到了深入研究；这些特性使其适用于血管重建。在这篇综述中，我们专注于使用生物功能水凝胶制造血管，并比较了天然和合成材料。还讨论了各种制造方法，以及它们在体外组织建模中的应用。由于其机械性能和组织样特性，水凝胶已被用于血管工程。基于水凝胶的血管可以单独由天然或合成材料构建，或者需要两者的组合。制造方法在构建血管工程以诱导剪切应力和生物力学驱动的血管内皮细胞功能方面发挥着重要作用。本综述中描述的工程血管水凝胶的不同成分和方法将为体外组织模型的所需应用提供有用的信息。制造方法在构建血管工程以诱导剪切应力和生物力学驱动的血管内皮细胞功能方面发挥着重要作用。本综述中描述的工程血管水凝胶的不同成分和方法将为体外组织模型的所需应用提供有用的信息。制造方法在构建血管工程以诱导剪切应力和生物力学驱动的血管内皮细胞功能方面发挥着重要作用。本综述中描述的工程血管水凝胶的不同成分和方法将为体外组织模型的所需应用提供有用的信息。