Engineered nanomaterial manufacturing and usage have been increasing in commercial products. There were 1814 nanotechnological consumer products available in the market in March 2015. Nanomaterials can accumulate, transform and increase in concentrations in biological systems. Nanomaterials offer many benefits over traditional materials, yet their small size also increases their toxicity. Bioaccumulation of nanomaterials begins with nanoparticle accumulation in the organism, then biomagnification follows in the predatory organism. Biotransformation is the last stage, whereby the chemical concentration of toxins in the organism exceeds that in the environment. Here, we review the interaction of nanomaterials with biological substances. It has been observed that the effects of nanomaterials begin at the bottom of the food chain and move all the way through the human body. We have summarized the mechanisms of interaction between engineered nanomaterials and the environment.

工程纳米材料的制造和使用在商业产品中一直在增加。2015年3月，市场上共有1814种纳米技术消费产品。纳米材料可以在生物系统中积累，转化和增加浓度。纳米材料比传统材料具有许多优势，但它们的小​​尺寸也增加了其毒性。纳米材料的生物蓄积始于生物体内的纳米颗粒蓄积，然后是掠食性生物的生物放大作用。生物转化是最后一个阶段，生物体内毒素的化学浓度超过了环境中的化学浓度。在这里，我们回顾了纳米材料与生物物质的相互作用。已经观察到，纳米材料的影响始于食物链的底部，并一直贯穿人体。我们总结了工程纳米材料与环境之间相互作用的机制。