Upland land use in Wales has high potential value in relation to the delivery of ecosystem services which is currently uncaptured. In this study we assessed the ecosystem services and dis-services generated by the two dominant land uses (forestry and agricultural) in the uplands of Wales in qualitative and monetary units. We also mapped the distribution of ecosystem services and dis-services across the two dominant land uses. Our results provide an initial baseline estimate of the supply and economic value of ecosystem services and dis-services from upland forestry and agricultural land use in Wales. The qualitative assessment showed the highest levels of ecosystem service supply were derived from forestry land use and the highest levels of ecosystem dis-services were derived from agricultural land use. The economic value of ecosystem service benefits from upland land use in Wales is £1,472.25 million year⁻¹ and the total costs of ecosystem dis-services are £101.54 million year⁻¹ using 2018 values. When an economic weighting is applied the per hectare economic value of ecosystem service benefits from agriculture at £1,434.02 ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ is higher than that of forestry at £1,261.09 ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and the per hectare costs of ecosystem dis-services from agriculture at £96.10 ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ was marginally lower than that of forestry at £98.58 ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Overall our results highlight an imbalance in the current delivery of ecosystem services from upland land use in Wales with the majority of benefits coming in the form of private benefits through provisioning services. By using systematic qualitative and economic assessment tools this study has highlighted critical data gaps and provides a basis for rebalancing ecosystem service delivery and increasing levels of public benefits through expansion of tree cover within the Welsh uplands. Our mapping highlights where land use adaption and transformation may be approached to address the imbalance in ecosystem service supply.

在威尔士，高地土地利用相对于目前尚未获得的生态系统服务的交付具有很高的潜在价值。在这项研究中，我们评估了威尔士山区高地的两种主要土地利用（林业和农业）以质和量为单位产生的生态系统服务和服务不足。我们还绘制了两种主要土地用途上的生态系统服务和服务不足的分布图。我们的结果为威尔士高地林业和农业土地利用带来的生态系统服务和服务的供应和经济价值提供了初步的基线估算。定性评估显示，生态系统服务的最高供应量来自林业土地利用，而生态系统服务的最高供应量则来自农业土地利用。^-1和以2018年价值计算的生态系统服务总成本为1.054亿英镑- ¹年。如果采用经济加权，则农业的生态系统服务收益的每公顷经济价值为1,434.02公顷- ¹年⁻¹，高于林业的每公顷经济价值1,261.09公顷- ¹年^-1，而每公顷的生态系统破坏成本农业提供的服务价格为£96.10公顷- ¹年⁻¹，略低于林业的价格，为£98.58公顷- ¹年^-1。总体而言，我们的结果突出说明了威尔士目前利用陆地高地土地提供的生态系统服务的不平衡状况，其中大多数收益来自通过提供服务的私人收益。通过使用系统的定性和经济评估工具，本研究突出了关键的数据差距，并为平衡生态系统服务的提供和通过扩大威尔士高地内树木的覆盖率提高公共利益水平提供了基础。我们的地图突出显示了可以在哪些地方采用土地利用的适应性和转化方式来解决生态系统服务供应的不平衡问题。