Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an increasingly prevalent arrhythmia; its pathophysiology and progression are well studied. Stroke and bleeding risk models have been created and validated. Decision tools for stroke prophylaxis are evolving, with better options at hand. Utilization of various diagnostic tools offer insight into AF burden and thromboembolic risk. Rate control, rhythm control, and stroke prophylaxis are the cornerstones of AF therapy. Although antiarrhythmic drugs are useful, AF ablation has become a primary therapeutic strategy. Pulmonary vein isolation is the cornerstone of AF ablation, and methods to improve ablation safety and efficacy continue to progress. Ablation of nonpulmonary vein sites is increasingly being recognized as an important strategy for treating nonparoxysmal AF. Several new ablation techniques and technologies and stroke prophylaxis are being explored. This is a contemporary review on the prevalence, pathophysiology, risk prediction, prophylaxis, treatment options, new insights for optimizing treatment outcomes, and emerging concepts of AF.

中文翻译：

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心房颤动

心房颤动 (AF) 是一种越来越普遍的心律失常；它的病理生理学和进展得到了很好的研究。中风和出血风险模型已经创建和验证。中风预防的决策工具正在不断发展，手头有更好的选择。使用各种诊断工具可以深入了解 AF 负担和血栓栓塞风险。心率控制、节律控制和卒中预防是房颤治疗的基石。尽管抗心律失常药物是有用的，但房颤消融已成为主要的治疗策略。肺静脉隔离是 AF 消融的基石，提高消融安全性和有效性的方法不断进步。消融非肺静脉部位越来越被认为是治疗非阵发性 AF 的重要策略。正在探索几种新的消融技术和中风预防方法。这是对 AF 的患病率、病理生理学、风险预测、预防、治疗选择、优化治疗结果的新见解和新兴概念的当代评论。