Graphene resting on a silicon-on-insulator platform offers great potential for optoelectronic devices. In the paper, we demonstrate all-optical modulation on the graphene–silicon hybrid waveguides (GSHWs) with tens of micrometers in length. Owing to strong interaction between graphene and silicon strip waveguides with compact light confinement, the modulation depth reaches 22.7% with a saturation threshold down to 1.38 pJ per pulse and a 30-μm-long graphene pad. A response time of 1.65 ps is verified by a pump–probe measurement with an energy consumption of 2.1 pJ. The complementary metal-oxide semiconductor compatible GSHWs with the strip configuration exhibit great potential for ultrafast and broadband all-optical modulation, indicating that employing two-dimensional materials has become a complementary technology to promote the silicon photonic platform.

中文翻译：

---

基于石墨烯可饱和吸收的CMOS兼容全光调制器

位于绝缘体上硅平台上的石墨烯为光电器件提供了巨大的潜力。在论文中，我们展示了对数十微米长的石墨烯-硅混合波导（GSHW）进行全光调制。由于石墨烯和具有紧凑光限制的硅条形波导之间的强相互作用，调制深度达到 22.7%，饱和阈值每脉冲低至 1.38 pJ，石墨烯垫长 30 μm。能量消耗为 2.1 pJ 的泵-探头测量验证了 1.65 ps 的响应时间。具有条形结构的互补金属氧化物半导体兼容 GSHWs 在超快和宽带全光调制方面具有巨大潜力，