Raulí (Nothofagus alpina (Poepp. & Endl.)) and Ulmo (Eucryphia cordifolia Cav.) are mid-tolerant tree species in the Coihue-Raulí-Tepa (ca. 0.55 mill ha) and Evergreen (ca. 4.1 mill ha) forest types in south-central Chile, respectively. These species have been selectively logged in old-growth forests especially during the 20th century, Raulí mostly for its highly valuable timber, and Ulmo for its highly demanded firewood and bark for the tannery industry. Natural regeneration of these species occurs mostly through canopy gaps, but it can be retarded, or even inhibited, when the cover of the understory vegetation becomes unusually dense, such as in high-graded forests. Although underplanting is possible for these species, the knowledge about their growth in forest understories is scarce, and necessary to inform restoration programs. Therefore, we evaluated short-term responses (two years) of underplanted containerized seedlings in root-collar diameter, height, stem volume, and in the slenderness index, as a function of canopy openness (%, continuous variable) and three restoration treatments (categorical variables, plus one control treatment) at two different sites with high-graded old-growth forests for each forest type. By using generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMMs) we determined that Raulí was more sensitive to the influence of both canopy openness and restoration treatments, while Ulmo was mostly influenced by canopy openness. Specifically, Raulí was positively influenced by canopy openness and restoration treatments in all response variables except for the slenderness index. Conversely, Ulmo was influenced by canopy openness in all response variables except the slenderness index, which was influenced by both predictor variables (canopy openness and restoration treatments). Thus, prospects for restoration with these species are discussed, including possible ontogenetic changes in their responses to light that may demand continuous silvicultural operations to recover the productive and functional roles of these species in these forest ecosystems.

中文翻译：

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在高温温带雨林中恢复处理后的两种硬木树种的早期差异性表现

劳利（Nothofagus alpina（Poepp。＆Endl。））和Ulmo（Eucryphia cordifoliaCav。）分别是智利中南部Coihue-Raulí-Tepa（约0.55毫公顷）和Evergreen（约4.1毫米公顷）森林类型的中耐性树种。这些树种被有选择地砍伐在茂密的森林中，尤其是在20世纪，其中Raulí主要是因为其极有价值的木材，Ulmo主要是由于其对制革业的需求很高的柴火和树皮。这些物种的自然更新主要是通过树冠间隙进行的，但是当下层植被的覆盖层变得异常茂密时（例如在高等级森林中），则可以阻止甚至抑制这些物种的自然更新。尽管这些树种可能会栽种不足，但关于它们在森林林下的生长的知识却很少，并且对于恢复计划至关重要。因此，我们评估了种植不足的容器化幼苗在根领直径，高度，茎干体积和苗条指数方面的短期响应（两年），作为冠层开放度（％，连续变量）和三种恢复处理（类别变量）的函数，加上一项对照处理），在两种不同的地点使用每种森林类型的高等级老龄林。通过使用广义线性混合效应模型（GLMM），我们确定Raulí对树冠开放度和恢复处理的影响更为敏感，而Ulmo主要受树冠开放度影响。特别是，除了细长指数外，Raulí在所有响应变量中均受冠层开放度和修复处理的积极影响。反过来，除了细长指数外，Ulmo在所有响应变量中均受冠层开放度的影响，而细长指数受两个预测变量（冠层开放度和恢复处理）的影响。因此，讨论了用这些物种恢复的前景，包括它们对光的响应的可能的个体发育变化，这可能需要持续的造林操作以恢复这些物种在这些森林生态系统中的生产和功能作用。