Understanding the altered gastrointestinal microbiota is important to illuminate effects of maternal grazing (MG: maternally nursed and grazed) and barn feeding (BF: supplied milk replacer, starter feed, and alfalfa hay) on the performance and immune function of yak calves. Compared with the MG group, the significantly increased body weight, body height, body length, chest girth, and organ development of liver, spleen, and thymus were identified in the BF group, which were resulted from the significantly increased dry matter intake, increased concentrations of propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, and valerate, increased ruminal pectinase, duodenal α-amylase, jejunal α-amylase and trypsin, and ileal trypsin, and promoted gastrointestinal epithelial development. Furthermore, genera of Sharpea, Sphingomonas, Atopobium, Syntrophococcus, Clostridium_XIVb, Acinetobacter, Oscillibacter, Dialister, Desulfovibrio, Bacteroides, Lachnospiracea_incertae_sedis, and Clostridium_sensu_stricto, which were involved in utilization of non-fibrous carbohydrate and further beneficial to improve the gastrointestinal digestion, development, and immune functions, were significantly increased in the BF group. Meanwhile, the significantly enhanced ruminal epithelial immune functions and intestinal immune functions based on enhanced ruminal immune related pathway, duodenal IL-1β, jejunal IL-1β, IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, and ileal IL-1β were identified in the BF group, which also may induced by the increased abundance of gastrointestinal microbiota. Overall, barn feeding significantly increased the diversity of species and abundance of microbes which used different carbohydrates and further benefit to the growth and immune function of yak calves.

中文翻译：

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从断奶前的母体放牧到谷仓喂养：改变的胃肠道微生物群有助于改变Ya牛犊瘤胃和肠的发育和功能。

了解改变的胃肠道微生物群对于阐明母体放牧（MG：由母体喂养和放牧）和谷仓饲喂（BF：提供的代乳品，初学者饲料和苜蓿干草）对on牛犊牛的生产性能和免疫功能的影响非常重要。与MG组相比，BF组的体重，身高，身长，胸围和肝脏，脾脏和胸腺的器官发育显着增加，这是由于干物质摄入量显着增加，丙酸，丁酸，异丁酸和戊酸的浓度增加，瘤胃果胶酶，十二指肠α-淀粉酶，空肠α-淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶以及回肠胰蛋白酶增加，并促进胃肠道上皮发育。此外，沙皮氏菌属，鞘氨醇单胞菌属，拟南芥属，滑球菌，梭状芽胞杆菌_XIVb的属，高炉组显着增加了不动糖，不动杆菌，拨链菌，脱硫弧菌，拟杆菌，乳酸杆菌，无味梭状芽胞杆菌和梭状芽胞杆菌的使用，它们进一步促进了非纤维碳水化合物的利用，并进一步改善了胃肠道的消化，发育和免疫功能。同时，基于增强的瘤胃免疫相关途径，十二指肠IL-1β，空肠IL-1β，IL-2，TNF-α和IFN-γ以及回肠IL-1β，瘤胃上皮免疫功能和肠道免疫功能显着增强。在BF组中被发现，这也可能是由于胃肠道菌群数量的增加而引起的。总体，