Studies of DNA vaccines have shown that understanding the mechanism of DNA vaccine-mediated action is the key for vaccine development. Current knowledge has shown the presence of antigen presenting cells (APCs) involving in B and T cells at the muscle injection site and the upregulation of type I interferon (IFN-I) that initiates antiviral response and benefits adaptive immunity in fish DNA vaccines. IFN-I may be triggered by expressed antigen such as the rhabdovirus G protein encoded DNA vaccine or by plasmid DNA itself through cytosolic DNA sensing. The investigating of Toll-like receptor 9, and 21 are the CpG-motif sensors in many fish species, and the cytosolic DNA receptors DDX41 and downstream STING signaling revealed the mechanisms for IFN-I production. This review article describes the recent finding of receptors for cytosolic DNA, the STING-TBK1-IRF signaling, and the possibility of turning these findings into strategies for the future development of DNA vaccines.

中文翻译：

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DNA的免疫检测和鱼类DNA疫苗开发策略。

DNA疫苗的研究表明，了解DNA疫苗介导的作用机理是疫苗开发的关键。当前的知识表明，在肌肉注射部位存在涉及B和T细胞的抗原呈递细胞（APC），并且I型干扰素（IFN-I）的上调引发了鱼DNA疫苗中的抗病毒应答并有益于适应性免疫。IFN-1可由表达的抗原例如弹状病毒G蛋白编码的DNA疫苗或通过质粒DNA本身通过胞质DNA感测触发。Toll样受体9和21的研究是许多鱼类中的CpG-基序传感器，胞质DNA受体DDX41和下游STING信号揭示了IFN-1产生的机制。这篇评论文章描述了最近发现的胞质DNA受体，