Nowadays, Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in advanced technological devices and Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, due to their high energy density for weight, reduced memory effect and significant number of supported charging/discharging cycles. As a consequence, the production and the use of Lithium-ion batteries will continuously increase in the near future, focusing the global attention on their End-of-Life management. Unfortunately, wasted Lithium-ion batteries treatments are still under development, far from the optimization of recycling processes and technologies, and currently recycling represents the only alternative for the social, economic and environmental sustainability of this market, able to minimize toxicity of End-of-Life products, to create a monetary gain and to lead to the independence from foreign resources or critical materials. This paper analyses the current alternatives for the recycling of Lithium-ion batteries, specifically focusing on available procedures for batteries securing and discharging, mechanical pre-treatments and materials recovery processes (i.e. pyro- and hydrometallurgical), and it highlights the pros and cons of treatments in terms of energy consumption, recovery efficiency and safety issues. Target metals (e.g. Cobalt, Nickel and Lithium) are listed and prioritized, and the economic advantage deriving by the material recovery is outlined. An in-depth literature review was conducted, analysing the existing industrial processes, to show the on-going technological solutions proposed by research projects and industrial developments, comparing best results and open issues and criticalities.

中文翻译：

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锂离子电池向循环经济发展：有关回收处理的机会和问题的文献综述。

如今，锂离子电池由于具有高的能量密度（重量），降低的记忆效应以及大量支持的充电/放电循环，因此已广泛用于先进的技术设备以及电动和混合动力汽车。结果，锂离子电池的生产和使用将在不久的将来不断增加，将全球注意力集中在其报废管理上。不幸的是，废弃锂离子电池的处理方法仍在开发中，远未优化回收工艺和技术，并且目前回收利用是该市场在社会，经济和环境可持续性方面的唯一替代选择，能够最大程度地减少废旧电池的毒性。 -生活用品，创造金钱收益，并导致脱离国外资源或重要材料的依赖。本文分析了锂离子电池回收的当前替代方案，特别侧重于电池固定和放电，机械预处理和材料回收过程（即火法和湿法冶金）的可用程序，并重点介绍了锂离子电池的优缺点。能源消耗，回收效率和安全问题方面的处理。列出目标金属（例如钴，镍和锂）并确定优先级，并概述了通过材料回收获得的经济优势。进行了深入的文献综述，分析了现有的工业过程，以显示研究项目和工业发展提出的持续技术解决方案，