The rapid improvement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has prompted interest in bringing the technology toward commercialization. Capitalizing on existing industrial processes facilitates the transition from laboratory to production lines. In this work, we prove the scalability of thermally co-evaporated MAPbI₃ layers in PSCs and mini-modules. With a combined strategy of active layer engineering, interfacial optimization, surface treatments, and light management, we demonstrate PSCs (0.16 cm² active area) and mini-modules (21 cm² active area) achieving record PCEs of 20.28% and 18.13%, respectively. Un-encapsulated PSCs retained ∼90% of their initial PCE under continuous illumination at 1 sun, without sample cooling, for more than 100 h. Looking toward tandem and building integrated photovoltaic applications, we have demonstrated semi-transparent mini-modules and colored PSCs with consistent PCEs of ∼16% for a set of visible colors. Our work demonstrates the compatibility of perovskite technology with industrial processes and its potential for next-generation photovoltaics.

钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSC）的功率转换效率（PCE）的快速提高引起了人们对该技术实现商业化的兴趣。利用现有的工业流程可以促进从实验室到生产线的过渡。在这项工作中，我们证明了在PSC和微型模块中热共蒸发MAPbI ₃层的可扩展性。结合有源层工程，界面优化，表面处理和光管理的策略，我们演示了PSC（0.16 cm ^2的有效面积）和微型模块（21 cm ^2）有效区域），分别达到创纪录的PCE（分别为20.28％和18.13％）。未封装的PSC在1个太阳光下连续照射100个小时以上，可保留约90％的初始PCE。着眼于串联和构建集成的光伏应用，我们已经展示了半透明的微型模块和彩色PSC，对于一组可见颜色，其PCE一致，约为16％。我们的工作证明了钙钛矿技术与工业过程的兼容性以及其在下一代光伏领域的潜力。