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Phenological variation of flower longevity and duration of sex phases in a protandrous alpine plant: potential causes and fitness significance
BMC Plant Biology ( IF 5.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-03 , DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02356-w
Zhigang Zhao , Meng Hou , Yijie Wang , Guozhen Du

Flower longevity plays an important role in pollen dispersal and reproductive success in plants. In dichogamous plants, the duration of anthesis as well as the time allocated to male and female functions can vary in response to intrinsic factors (e.g., flowering time and resource allocation) and pollination context along a growth season. However, the fitness consequences of phenological dynamics have rarely been examined. This study aims to unravel the potential causes driving variation in flower longevity, duration of sex phases, and phenotypic sex during a flowering season of strongly protandrous Aconitum gymnandrum, and particularly reproductive consequences of the phenological pattern. Population floral sex ratio shifted from completely male at the beginning to completely female at the end of the season, as is common in other protandrous plants. Phenological dynamics of the floral sex ratio and the duration of sex phases caused a shift from femaleness to maleness in the mean phenotypic sex over the whole season. Floral longevity was negatively correlated with flower size and positively affected by temperature. Early flowers within inflorescences rather than early-flowering individuals emphasized the duration of female over male phase. Owing to the dominance of male-phase flowers, early flowering for individual flowers and plants, or female-biased sex resulted in higher pollen deposition per flower and seed set. At the flower level, flower longevity positively affected female reproductive success, while the effect of flower size was negative. By contrast, plant-level female reproductive success was negatively affected by flower longevity but positively correlated to flower size. The major result of this study lies in elucidating the relationship between variation in phenological sex expression and floral longevity and their fitness consequences of protandrous A. gymnandrum. The contrasting results on female fitness for individual flowers and plants contribute to our current understanding of the adaptive significance of floral longevity.

中文翻译:

高产原高寒植物花寿命和性期持续时间的物候变化:潜在原因和适应性意义

花的寿命在植物的花粉扩散和繁殖成功中起重要作用。在双歧植物中,花药的持续时间以及分配给雄性和雌性功能的时间会根据内在因素(例如开花时间和资源分配)以及整个生长季节的授粉环境而变化。但是,很少研究物候动态的适应性后果。这项研究的目的是揭示潜在的导致花长寿,性阶段持续时间和表型性状发生变化的潜在原因,这些变化在强生乌头乌头的花期,特别是物候模式的生殖结果上。人口花性别比从季节开始时的完全男性变为结束时的完全女性,就像其他常绿植物一样。花期性别比和性别阶段持续时间的物候动态导致了整个季节的平均表型性别从女性变为男性。花的寿命与花的大小负相关,而温度则正相关。花序内的早花而不是早花的个体强调雌性高于雄性的持续时间。由于雄性相花的优势,单个花朵和植物的早期开花或雌性偏性导致每朵花和种子集更高的花粉沉积。在花水平上,花寿命对女性生殖成功有积极影响,而花大小的影响则为负。相比之下,植物水平的女性生殖成功受到花朵寿命的负面影响,但与花朵大小呈正相关。这项研究的主要结果在于阐明物候性表达变化和花寿命之间的关系,以及其对裸露裸球菌的适应性后果。女性对个体花草的适应性的对比结果有助于我们目前对花卉寿命的适应性意义的理解。
更新日期:2020-04-22
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