Transdiagnostic processes confer risk for multiple types of psychopathology and explain the co-occurrence of different disorders. For this reason, transdiagnostic processes provide ideal targets for early intervention and treatment. Childhood trauma exposure is associated with elevated risk for virtually all commonly occurring forms of psychopathology. We articulate a transdiagnostic model of the developmental mechanisms that explain the strong links between childhood trauma and psychopathology as well as protective factors that promote resilience against multiple forms of psychopathology. We present a model of transdiagnostic mechanisms spanning three broad domains: social information processing, emotional processing, and accelerated biological aging. Changes in social information processing that prioritize threat-related information—such as heightened perceptual sensitivity to threat, misclassification of negative and neutral emotions as anger, and attention biases towards threat-related cues—have been consistently observed in children who have experienced trauma. Patterns of emotional processing common in children exposed to trauma include elevated emotional reactivity to threat-related stimuli, low emotional awareness, and difficulties with emotional learning and emotion regulation. More recently, a pattern of accelerated aging across multiple biological metrics, including pubertal development and cellular aging, has been found in trauma-exposed children. Although these changes in social information processing, emotional responding, and the pace of biological aging reflect developmental adaptations that may promote safety and provide other benefits for children raised in dangerous environments, they have been consistently associated with the emergence of multiple forms of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology and explain the link between childhood trauma exposure and transdiagnostic psychopathology. Children with higher levels of social support, particularly from caregivers, are less likely to develop psychopathology following trauma exposure. Caregiver buffering of threat-related processing may be one mechanism explaining this protective effect. Childhood trauma exposure is a powerful transdiagnostic risk factor associated with elevated risk for multiple forms of psychopathology across development. Changes in threat-related social and emotional processing and accelerated biological aging serve as transdiagnostic mechanisms linking childhood trauma with psychopathology. These transdiagnostic mechanisms represent critical targets for early interventions aimed at preventing the emergence of psychopathology in children who have experienced trauma.

中文翻译：

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将儿童创伤暴露与心理病理学联系起来的机制：风险和适应力的转诊模型

经转诊过程赋予多种类型的精神病理学风险，并解释了不同疾病的共同发生。因此，转诊过程为早期干预和治疗提供了理想的目标。童年创伤暴露与实际上所有常见形式的精神病理学风险增加有关。我们阐明了发展机制的跨诊断模型，该模型解释了儿童期创伤与心理病理学之间的紧密联系，以及促进了对多种形式的心理病理学的适应力的保护性因子。我们提出了一种跨三个领域的跨诊断机制模型：社会信息处理，情感处理和加速的生物衰老。在遭受创伤的儿童中，始终如一地观察到社会信息处理的变化，这些变化优先考虑与威胁相关的信息，例如，对威胁的感知敏感性提高，负面和中性情绪被归类为愤怒，以及注意力偏向威胁相关线索。在遭受创伤的儿童中常见的情绪处理方式包括对威胁相关刺激的情绪反应增强，情绪意识低下以及情绪学习和情绪调节困难。最近，在遭受创伤的儿童中发现了多种生物指标的加速衰老模式，包括青春期发育和细胞衰老。尽管社交信息处理，情感反应，生物衰老的速度反映出发展适应性变化，可以促进安全性并为在危险环境中成长的儿童提供其他好处，它们一直与多种形式的内在化和外在化精神病理学联系在一起，并解释了儿童期创伤暴露与转诊之间的联系心理病理学。具有较高社会支持水平的孩子，尤其是来自看护者的社会支持，在受到创伤后更不会发展心理病理学。照顾者缓冲与威胁相关的处理可能是解释这种保护效果的一种机制。童年创伤暴露是与发展过程中多种形式的精神病理学风险升高相关的有力的转诊危险因素。与威胁相关的社会和情感加工过程的变化以及生物衰老的加速，是将儿童期创伤与心理病理学联系起来的诊断方法。这些转诊机制是早期干预的关键目标，旨在防止遭受创伤的儿童出现心理病理学。