Bioremediation represents a sustainable approach to remediating petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soils. One aspect of sustainability includes the sourcing of nutrients used to stimulate hydrocarbon-degrading microbial populations. Organic nutrients such as animal manure and sewage sludge may be perceived as more sustainable than conventional inorganic fertilizers. However, organic nutrients often contain antibiotic residues and resistant bacteria (along with resistance genes and mobile genetic elements). This is further exacerbated since antibiotic resistant bacteria may become more abundant in contaminated soils due to co-selection pressures from pollutants such as metals and hydrocarbons. We review the issues surrounding bioremediation of petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated soils, as an example, and consider the potential human-health risks from antibiotic resistant bacteria. While awareness is coming to light, the relationship between contaminated land and antibiotic resistance remains largely under-explored. The risk of horizontal gene transfer between soil microorganisms, commensal bacteria and/or human pathogens needs to be further elucidated, and the environmental triggers for gene transfer need to be better understood. Findings of antibiotic resistance from animal manures are emerging, but even fewer bioremediation studies using sewage sludge have made any reference to antibiotic resistance. Resistance mechanisms, including those to antibiotics, have been considered by some authors to be a positive trait associated with resilience in strains intended for bioremediation. Nevertheless, recognition of the potential risks associated with antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes in contaminated soils appears to be increasing and requires further investigation. Careful selection of bacterial candidates for bioremediation possessing minimal antibiotic resistance as well as pre-treatment of organic wastes to reduce selective pressures (e.g., antibiotic residues) are suggested to prevent environmental contamination with antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes.

中文翻译：

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在石油烃污染土壤的生物修复中，抗生素抗性细菌和基因的潜在风险。

生物修复是修复石油烃污染土壤的可持续方法。可持续性的一个方面包括采购用于刺激降解碳氢化合物的微生物的营养素。与传统的无机肥料相比，动物粪便和污水污泥等有机养分的可持续性更高。但是，有机营养通常包含抗生素残留和抗药性细菌（以及抗药性基因和流动遗传元素）。由于来自金属和碳氢化合物等污染物的共同选择压力，抗生素抗性细菌在受污染的土壤中可能会变得更加丰富，这进一步加剧了这种情况。我们以石油烃污染土壤的生物修复为例，并考虑抗药性细菌对人类健康的潜在风险。尽管人们的认识日渐明显，但受污染的土地与抗生素耐药性之间的关系仍未得到充分探索。需要进一步阐明土壤微生物，共生细菌和/或人类病原体之间水平基因转移的风险，并且需要更好地了解基因转移的环境触发因素。从动物粪便中发现抗生素抗性的发现正在出现，但是使用污水污泥进行的生物修复研究甚至更少，也没有提及抗生素抗性。一些作者已将耐药机制（包括对抗生素的耐药机制）视为与旨在进行生物修复的菌株的复原力相关的积极特征。不过，对污染土壤中与抗生素抗性细菌和基因有关的潜在风险的认识似乎正在增加，需要进一步研究。精心选择具有最小抗生素抗性的生物修复候选细菌，并对有机废物进行预处理以降低选择性压力（例如，抗生素残余物）是建议，以防止与抗生素抗性细菌和基因环境污染。