The use of herbicides with glyphosate as an active ingredient (a.i.) has increased dramatically in recent years, with its residues often being found in either soil or water. Nevertheless, concerns have arisen about its harmful side effects for both ecosystems and wildlife health. Therefore, the objective of this work was to assess the effects of a commercial formulation of glyphosate (RoundUp® UltraMax), at environmentally relevant concentrations on zebrafish embryos through a set of behavioural patterns. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0, 1, 2 and 5 μg a.i. mL-1 concentrations of the glyphosate formulation for 72 h (from 2.5 to 75 h post-fertilization (hpf)). After exposure, larvae were washed and allowed to develop until 144 hpf. At this point, the larvae behaviour was evaluated using a battery of tests to assess the general exploratory motility, escape-like responses, anxiety-related behaviours and social interactions. In addition, cortisol levels were assessed. No significant changes were observed relative to the exploratory behaviour in the standard open field. The anxiety-related behaviours were similar among groups, and no social interference was observed following exposure to these glyphosate concentrations. Likewise, cortisol levels remained similar among treatments. Still, the larvae exposed to 5 μg a.i. mL-1 did not react to the presence of an aversive stimulus, supporting glyphosate-induced changes in the sensory-motor coordination during development. In general, these results indicate a possible neurotoxic effect of this glyphosate-based formulation that should be further evaluated. In addition, the results obtained could impose a risk for wildlife sensitive species that should not be neglected.

中文翻译：

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环境相关浓度的草甘膦商业制剂-RoundUp®UltraMax-在斑马鱼胚胎发生期间的行为毒性。

近年来，以草甘膦为活性成分（ai）的除草剂的使用已大大增加，其残留物经常在土壤或水中发现。然而，人们开始关注其对生态系统和野生动植物健康的有害副作用。因此，这项工作的目的是通过一系列行为模式，评估与环境相关的浓度的草甘膦商业配方（RoundUp®UltraMax）对斑马鱼胚胎的影响。将斑马鱼胚胎暴露于0、1、2和5μgai mL-1浓度的草甘膦制剂中72小时（受精后（hpf）从2.5到75 h）。暴露后，洗涤幼虫并使其发育直至144hpf。这一点，使用一系列测试评估幼虫的行为，以评估其总体探索性运动能力，逃逸样反应，焦虑相关行为和社交互动。另外，评估了皮质醇水平。相对于标准开放领域的探索行为，没有观察到显着变化。各组之间与焦虑相关的行为相似，暴露于这些草甘膦浓度后未观察到社交干扰。同样，治疗之间的皮质醇水平保持相似。仍然，暴露于5μgai mL-1的幼虫对厌恶刺激物的存在没有反应，支持草甘膦在发育过程中引起的感觉运动协调性变化。一般来说，这些结果表明该基于草甘膦的制剂可能产生神经毒性作用，应进一步评估。此外，获得的结果可能会给野生生物敏感物种带来风险，这些物种不容忽视。