An overarching theme of cellular regulation in bacteria arises from the trade-off between growth and stress resilience. In addition, the formation of biofilms contributes to stress survival, since these dense multicellular aggregates, in which cells are embedded in an extracellular matrix of self-produced polymers, represent a self-constructed protective and homeostatic 'niche'. As shown here for the model bacterium Escherichia coli, the inverse coordination of bacterial growth with survival and the transition to multicellularity is achieved by a highly integrated regulatory network with several sigma subunits of RNA polymerase and a small number of transcriptional hubs as central players. By conveying information about the actual (micro)environments, nucleotide second messengers such as cAMP, (p)ppGpp, and in particular c-di-GMP are the key triggers and drivers that promote either growth or stress resistance and organized multicellularity in a world of limited resources.

中文翻译：

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将细菌的生长，存活和多细胞性联系在一起-小信号分子作为触发和驱动器。

细菌中细胞调节的首要主题来自生长与逆境适应力之间的权衡。此外，生物膜的形成有助于压力生存，因为这些密集的多细胞聚集体代表细胞自我构建的保护性和稳态“生态位”，其中细胞嵌入自生聚合物的细胞外基质中。如此处所示，对于典型细菌大肠埃希氏菌，细菌生长与存活以及向多细胞性过渡的逆向协调是通过高度整合的调节网络实现的，该调节网络具有多个RNA聚合酶的sigma亚基和少量的转录中枢作为核心。通过传达有关实际（微）环境的信息，核苷酸第二信使（例如cAMP，（p）ppGpp，