The ability of living systems to adapt to changing conditions originates from their capacity to change their molecular constitution. This is achieved by multiple mechanisms that modulate the quantitative composition and the diversity of the molecular inventory. Molecular diversification is particularly pronounced on the proteome level, at which multiple proteoforms derived from the same gene can in turn combinatorially form different protein complexes, thus expanding the repertoire of functional modules in the cell. The study of molecular and modular diversity and their involvement in responses to changing conditions has only recently become possible through the development of new 'omics'-based screening technologies. This Review explores our current knowledge of the mechanisms regulating functional diversification along the axis of gene expression, with a focus on the proteome and interactome. We explore the interdependence between different molecular levels and how this contributes to functional diversity. Finally, we highlight several recent techniques for studying molecular diversity, with specific focus on mass spectrometry-based analysis of the proteome and its organization into functional modules, and examine future directions for this rapidly growing field.

中文翻译：

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蛋白质组学和相互作用组学洞察细胞功能多样性的分子基础。

生命系统适应不断变化的条件的能力源于它们改变分子结构的能力。这是通过调节分子清单的定量组成和多样性的多种机制来实现的。分子多样化在蛋白质组水平上尤为明显，来自同一基因的多个蛋白质组可以依次组合形成不同的蛋白质复合物，从而扩展细胞中功能模块的库。通过开发基于“组学”的新筛选技术，分子和模块多样性及其参与对不断变化的条件的反应的研究最近才成为可能。本综述探讨了我们目前对沿基因表达轴调节功能多样化的机制的了解，重点是蛋白质组和相互作用组。我们探索了不同分子水平之间的相互依赖性以及这如何促进功能多样性。最后，我们重点介绍了最近几种用于研究分子多样性的技术，特别关注基于质谱的蛋白质组分析及其功能模块的组织，并研究了这个快速发展的领域的未来方向。